routing_lp_scheduling.cc

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// Copyright 2010-2025 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_lp_scheduling.h"
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <functional>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <numeric>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
#include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
#include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
#include "absl/log/check.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "absl/time/time.h"
#include "absl/types/span.h"
#include "ortools/base/dump_vars.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/base/map_util.h"
#include "ortools/base/mathutil.h"
#include "ortools/base/strong_vector.h"
#include "ortools/base/types.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/constraint_solver.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing.h"
#include "ortools/constraint_solver/routing_parameters.pb.h"
#include "ortools/glop/parameters.pb.h"
#include "ortools/graph/min_cost_flow.h"
#include "ortools/port/proto_utils.h"
#include "ortools/sat/cp_model.pb.h"
#include "ortools/sat/lp_utils.h"
#include "ortools/util/flat_matrix.h"
#include "ortools/util/piecewise_linear_function.h"
#include "ortools/util/saturated_arithmetic.h"
#include "ortools/util/sorted_interval_list.h"
 
namespace operations_research {
 
namespace {
 
// The following sets of parameters give the fastest response time without
// impacting solutions found negatively.
glop::GlopParameters GetGlopParametersForLocalLP() {
  glop::GlopParameters parameters;
  parameters.set_use_dual_simplex(true);
  parameters.set_use_preprocessing(false);
  return parameters;
}
 
glop::GlopParameters GetGlopParametersForGlobalLP() {
  glop::GlopParameters parameters;
  parameters.set_use_dual_simplex(true);
  return parameters;
}
 
bool GetCumulBoundsWithOffset(const RoutingDimension& dimension,
                              int64_t node_index, int64_t cumul_offset,
                              int64_t* lower_bound, int64_t* upper_bound) {
  DCHECK(lower_bound != nullptr);
  DCHECK(upper_bound != nullptr);
 
  const IntVar& cumul_var = *dimension.CumulVar(node_index);
  *upper_bound = cumul_var.Max();
  if (*upper_bound < cumul_offset) {
    return false;
  }
 
  const int64_t first_after_offset =
      std::max(dimension.GetFirstPossibleGreaterOrEqualValueForNode(
                   node_index, cumul_offset),
               cumul_var.Min());
  DCHECK_LT(first_after_offset, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
  *lower_bound = CapSub(first_after_offset, cumul_offset);
  DCHECK_GE(*lower_bound, 0);
 
  if (*upper_bound == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
    return true;
  }
  *upper_bound = CapSub(*upper_bound, cumul_offset);
  DCHECK_GE(*upper_bound, *lower_bound);
  return true;
}
 
int64_t GetFirstPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
    const RoutingDimension& dimension, int64_t node_index,
    int64_t lower_bound_without_offset, int64_t cumul_offset) {
  return CapSub(
      dimension.GetFirstPossibleGreaterOrEqualValueForNode(
          node_index, CapAdd(lower_bound_without_offset, cumul_offset)),
      cumul_offset);
}
 
int64_t GetLastPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
    const RoutingDimension& dimension, int64_t node_index,
    int64_t upper_bound_without_offset, int64_t cumul_offset) {
  return CapSub(
      dimension.GetLastPossibleLessOrEqualValueForNode(
          node_index, CapAdd(upper_bound_without_offset, cumul_offset)),
      cumul_offset);
}
 
using PDPosition = RoutingModel::PickupDeliveryPosition;
// Finds the pickup/delivery pairs of nodes on a given vehicle's route.
// Returns the vector of visited pair indices, and stores the corresponding
// pickup/delivery indices in visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_.
// NOTE: Supposes that visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair is correctly
// sized and initialized to {-1, -1} for all pairs.
void StoreVisitedPickupDeliveryPairsOnRoute(
    const RoutingDimension& dimension, int vehicle,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    std::vector<int>* visited_pairs,
    std::vector<std::pair<int64_t, int64_t>>*
        visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair) {
  // visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair must be all {-1, -1}.
  DCHECK_EQ(visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair->size(),
            dimension.model()->GetPickupAndDeliveryPairs().size());
  DCHECK(std::all_of(visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair->begin(),
                     visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair->end(),
                     [](std::pair<int64_t, int64_t> p) {
                       return p.first == -1 && p.second == -1;
                     }));
  visited_pairs->clear();
  if (!dimension.HasPickupToDeliveryLimits()) {
    return;
  }
  const RoutingModel& model = *dimension.model();
 
  int64_t node_index = model.Start(vehicle);
  while (!model.IsEnd(node_index)) {
    if (model.IsPickup(node_index)) {
      // We store the node_index as visited pickup for this pair.
      const std::optional<PDPosition> pickup_position =
          model.GetPickupPosition(node_index);
      DCHECK(pickup_position.has_value());
      const int pair_index = pickup_position->pd_pair_index;
      (*visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair)[pair_index].first =
          node_index;
      visited_pairs->push_back(pair_index);
    } else if (model.IsDelivery(node_index)) {
      // We set the limit with this delivery's pickup if one has been visited
      // for this pair.
      const std::optional<PDPosition> delivery_position =
          model.GetDeliveryPosition(node_index);
      DCHECK(delivery_position.has_value());
      const int pair_index = delivery_position->pd_pair_index;
      std::pair<int64_t, int64_t>& pickup_delivery_index =
          (*visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair)[pair_index];
      if (pickup_delivery_index.first < 0) {
        // This case should not happen, as a delivery must have its pickup
        // on the route, but we ignore it here.
        node_index = next_accessor(node_index);
        continue;
      }
      pickup_delivery_index.second = node_index;
    }
    node_index = next_accessor(node_index);
  }
}
 
}  // namespace
 
// LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer
 
LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer(
    const RoutingDimension* dimension,
    RoutingSearchParameters::SchedulingSolver solver_type)
    : optimizer_core_(dimension, /*use_precedence_propagator=*/false) {
  // Using one solver per vehicle in the hope that if routes don't change this
  // will be faster.
  const int vehicles = dimension->model()->vehicles();
  solver_.resize(vehicles);
  switch (solver_type) {
    case RoutingSearchParameters::SCHEDULING_GLOP: {
      const glop::GlopParameters parameters = GetGlopParametersForLocalLP();
      for (int vehicle = 0; vehicle < vehicles; ++vehicle) {
        // TODO(user): Instead of passing false, detect if the relaxation
        // will always violate the MIPL constraints.
        solver_[vehicle] =
            std::make_unique<RoutingGlopWrapper>(false, parameters);
      }
      break;
    }
    case RoutingSearchParameters::SCHEDULING_CP_SAT: {
      for (int vehicle = 0; vehicle < vehicles; ++vehicle) {
        solver_[vehicle] = std::make_unique<RoutingCPSatWrapper>();
      }
      break;
    }
    default:
      LOG(DFATAL) << "Unrecognized solver type: " << solver_type;
  }
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeRouteCumulCost(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    int64_t* optimal_cost) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  int64_t transit_cost = 0;
  const DimensionSchedulingStatus status =
      optimizer_core_.OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
          vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor,
          /*dimension_travel_info=*/nullptr,
          /*resource=*/nullptr,
          /*optimize_vehicle_costs=*/optimal_cost != nullptr,
          solver_[vehicle].get(), /*cumul_values=*/nullptr,
          /*break_values=*/nullptr, optimal_cost, &transit_cost);
  if (status != DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE &&
      optimal_cost != nullptr) {
    DCHECK_GE(*optimal_cost, 0);
    *optimal_cost = CapAdd(*optimal_cost, transit_cost);
  }
  return status;
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeRouteCumulCostWithoutFixedTransits(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource* resource,
    int64_t* optimal_cost_without_transits) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor,
      /*dimension_travel_info=*/nullptr, resource,
      /*optimize_vehicle_costs=*/optimal_cost_without_transits != nullptr,
      solver_[vehicle].get(), /*cumul_values=*/nullptr,
      /*break_values=*/nullptr, optimal_cost_without_transits, nullptr);
}
 
std::vector<DimensionSchedulingStatus> LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::
    ComputeRouteCumulCostsForResourcesWithoutFixedTransits(
        int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
        const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
        const std::function<int64_t(int64_t, int64_t)>& transit_accessor,
        absl::Span<const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource> resources,
        absl::Span<const int> resource_indices, bool optimize_vehicle_costs,
        std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_costs_without_transits,
        std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* optimal_cumuls,
        std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* optimal_breaks) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeSingleRouteWithResources(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, transit_accessor, nullptr,
      resources, resource_indices, optimize_vehicle_costs,
      solver_[vehicle].get(), optimal_cumuls, optimal_breaks,
      optimal_costs_without_transits, nullptr);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeRouteCumuls(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource* resource,
    std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_cumuls,
    std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_breaks) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, dimension_travel_info,
      resource, /*optimize_vehicle_costs=*/true, solver_[vehicle].get(),
      optimal_cumuls, optimal_breaks, /*cost_without_transit=*/nullptr,
      /*transit_cost=*/nullptr);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeRouteCumulsAndCostWithoutFixedTransits(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_cumuls, std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_breaks,
    int64_t* optimal_cost_without_transits) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, dimension_travel_info,
      nullptr, /*optimize_vehicle_costs=*/true, solver_[vehicle].get(),
      optimal_cumuls, optimal_breaks, optimal_cost_without_transits, nullptr);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeRouteSolutionCostWithoutFixedTransits(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    absl::Span<const int64_t> solution_cumul_values,
    absl::Span<const int64_t> solution_break_values, int64_t* solution_cost,
    int64_t* cost_offset, bool reuse_previous_model_if_possible, bool clear_lp,
    absl::Duration* solve_duration) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver = solver_[vehicle].get();
  return optimizer_core_.ComputeSingleRouteSolutionCostWithoutFixedTransits(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, dimension_travel_info,
      solver, solution_cumul_values, solution_break_values, solution_cost,
      cost_offset, reuse_previous_model_if_possible, clear_lp,
      /*clear_solution_constraints=*/true, solve_duration);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputePackedRouteCumuls(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource* resource,
    std::vector<int64_t>* packed_cumuls, std::vector<int64_t>* packed_breaks) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeAndPackSingleRoute(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, dimension_travel_info,
      resource, solver_[vehicle].get(), packed_cumuls, packed_breaks);
}
 
const int CumulBoundsPropagator::kNoParent = -2;
const int CumulBoundsPropagator::kParentToBePropagated = -1;
 
CumulBoundsPropagator::CumulBoundsPropagator(const RoutingDimension* dimension)
    : dimension_(*dimension), num_nodes_(2 * dimension->cumuls().size()) {
  outgoing_arcs_.resize(num_nodes_);
  node_in_queue_.resize(num_nodes_, false);
  tree_parent_node_of_.resize(num_nodes_, kNoParent);
  propagated_bounds_.resize(num_nodes_);
  visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_.resize(
      dimension->model()->GetPickupAndDeliveryPairs().size(), {-1, -1});
}
 
void CumulBoundsPropagator::AddArcs(int first_index, int second_index,
                                    int64_t offset) {
  // Add arc first_index + offset <= second_index
  outgoing_arcs_[PositiveNode(first_index)].push_back(
      {PositiveNode(second_index), offset});
  AddNodeToQueue(PositiveNode(first_index));
  // Add arc -second_index + transit <= -first_index
  outgoing_arcs_[NegativeNode(second_index)].push_back(
      {NegativeNode(first_index), offset});
  AddNodeToQueue(NegativeNode(second_index));
}
 
bool CumulBoundsPropagator::InitializeArcsAndBounds(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor, int64_t cumul_offset,
    const std::vector<RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo>*
        dimension_travel_info_per_route) {
  propagated_bounds_.assign(num_nodes_, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min());
 
  for (std::vector<ArcInfo>& arcs : outgoing_arcs_) {
    arcs.clear();
  }
 
  RoutingModel* const model = dimension_.model();
  std::vector<int64_t>& lower_bounds = propagated_bounds_;
 
  for (int vehicle = 0; vehicle < model->vehicles(); vehicle++) {
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t, int64_t)>& transit_accessor =
        dimension_.transit_evaluator(vehicle);
 
    int node = model->Start(vehicle);
    int index_on_route = 0;
    while (true) {
      int64_t cumul_lb, cumul_ub;
      if (!GetCumulBoundsWithOffset(dimension_, node, cumul_offset, &cumul_lb,
                                    &cumul_ub)) {
        return false;
      }
      lower_bounds[PositiveNode(node)] = cumul_lb;
      if (cumul_ub < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
        lower_bounds[NegativeNode(node)] = -cumul_ub;
      }
 
      if (model->IsEnd(node)) {
        break;
      }
 
      const int next = next_accessor(node);
      int64_t transit = transit_accessor(node, next);
      if (dimension_travel_info_per_route != nullptr &&
          !dimension_travel_info_per_route->empty()) {
        const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo::TransitionInfo&
            transition_info = (*dimension_travel_info_per_route)[vehicle]
                                  .transition_info[index_on_route];
        transit = transition_info.compressed_travel_value_lower_bound +
                  transition_info.pre_travel_transit_value +
                  transition_info.post_travel_transit_value;
        ++index_on_route;
      }
      const IntVar& slack_var = *dimension_.SlackVar(node);
      // node + transit + slack_var == next
      // Add arcs for node + transit + slack_min <= next
      AddArcs(node, next, CapAdd(transit, slack_var.Min()));
      if (slack_var.Max() < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
        // Add arcs for node + transit + slack_max >= next.
        AddArcs(next, node, CapSub(-slack_var.Max(), transit));
      }
 
      node = next;
    }
 
    // Add vehicle span upper bound: end - span_ub <= start.
    const int64_t span_ub = dimension_.GetSpanUpperBoundForVehicle(vehicle);
    if (span_ub < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      AddArcs(model->End(vehicle), model->Start(vehicle), -span_ub);
    }
 
    // Set pickup/delivery limits on route.
    std::vector<int> visited_pairs;
    StoreVisitedPickupDeliveryPairsOnRoute(
        dimension_, vehicle, next_accessor, &visited_pairs,
        &visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_);
    for (int pair_index : visited_pairs) {
      const int64_t pickup_index =
          visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index].first;
      const int64_t delivery_index =
          visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index].second;
      visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index] = {-1, -1};
 
      DCHECK_GE(pickup_index, 0);
      if (delivery_index < 0) {
        // We didn't encounter a delivery for this pickup.
        continue;
      }
 
      const int64_t limit = dimension_.GetPickupToDeliveryLimitForPair(
          pair_index, model->GetPickupPosition(pickup_index)->alternative_index,
          model->GetDeliveryPosition(delivery_index)->alternative_index);
      if (limit < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
        // delivery_cumul - limit  <= pickup_cumul.
        AddArcs(delivery_index, pickup_index, -limit);
      }
    }
  }
 
  for (const auto [first_node, second_node, offset, performed_constraint] :
       dimension_.GetNodePrecedences()) {
    const bool first_node_unperformed =
        lower_bounds[PositiveNode(first_node)] ==
        std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
    const bool second_node_unperformed =
        lower_bounds[PositiveNode(second_node)] ==
        std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min();
    switch (RoutingDimension::GetPrecedenceStatus(first_node_unperformed,
                                                  second_node_unperformed,
                                                  performed_constraint)) {
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kActive:
        break;
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kInactive:
      continue;
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kInvalid:
        return false;
    }
    AddArcs(first_node, second_node, offset);
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
bool CumulBoundsPropagator::UpdateCurrentLowerBoundOfNode(int node,
                                                          int64_t new_lb,
                                                          int64_t offset) {
  const int cumul_var_index = node / 2;
 
  if (node == PositiveNode(cumul_var_index)) {
    // new_lb is a lower bound of the cumul of variable 'cumul_var_index'.
    propagated_bounds_[node] = GetFirstPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
        dimension_, cumul_var_index, new_lb, offset);
  } else {
    // -new_lb is an upper bound of the cumul of variable 'cumul_var_index'.
    const int64_t new_ub = CapSub(0, new_lb);
    propagated_bounds_[node] =
        CapSub(0, GetLastPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
                      dimension_, cumul_var_index, new_ub, offset));
  }
 
  // Test that the lower/upper bounds do not cross each other.
  const int64_t cumul_lower_bound =
      propagated_bounds_[PositiveNode(cumul_var_index)];
 
  const int64_t negated_cumul_upper_bound =
      propagated_bounds_[NegativeNode(cumul_var_index)];
 
  return CapAdd(negated_cumul_upper_bound, cumul_lower_bound) <= 0;
}
 
bool CumulBoundsPropagator::DisassembleSubtree(int source, int target) {
  tmp_dfs_stack_.clear();
  tmp_dfs_stack_.push_back(source);
  while (!tmp_dfs_stack_.empty()) {
    const int tail = tmp_dfs_stack_.back();
    tmp_dfs_stack_.pop_back();
    for (const ArcInfo& arc : outgoing_arcs_[tail]) {
      const int child_node = arc.head;
      if (tree_parent_node_of_[child_node] != tail) continue;
      if (child_node == target) return false;
      tree_parent_node_of_[child_node] = kParentToBePropagated;
      tmp_dfs_stack_.push_back(child_node);
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool CumulBoundsPropagator::PropagateCumulBounds(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor, int64_t cumul_offset,
    const std::vector<RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo>*
        dimension_travel_info_per_route) {
  tree_parent_node_of_.assign(num_nodes_, kNoParent);
  DCHECK(std::none_of(node_in_queue_.begin(), node_in_queue_.end(),
                      [](bool b) { return b; }));
  DCHECK(bf_queue_.empty());
 
  if (!InitializeArcsAndBounds(next_accessor, cumul_offset,
                               dimension_travel_info_per_route)) {
    return CleanupAndReturnFalse();
  }
 
  std::vector<int64_t>& current_lb = propagated_bounds_;
 
  // Bellman-Ford-Tarjan algorithm.
  while (!bf_queue_.empty()) {
    const int node = bf_queue_.front();
    bf_queue_.pop_front();
    node_in_queue_[node] = false;
 
    if (tree_parent_node_of_[node] == kParentToBePropagated) {
      // The parent of this node is still in the queue, so no need to process
      // node now, since it will be re-enqueued when its parent is processed.
      continue;
    }
 
    const int64_t lower_bound = current_lb[node];
    for (const ArcInfo& arc : outgoing_arcs_[node]) {
      // NOTE: kint64min as a lower bound means no lower bound at all, so we
      // don't use this value to propagate.
      const int64_t induced_lb =
          (lower_bound == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min())
              ? std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min()
              : CapAdd(lower_bound, arc.offset);
 
      const int head_node = arc.head;
      if (induced_lb <= current_lb[head_node]) {
        // No update necessary for the head_node, continue to next children of
        // node.
        continue;
      }
      if (!UpdateCurrentLowerBoundOfNode(head_node, induced_lb, cumul_offset) ||
          !DisassembleSubtree(head_node, node)) {
        // The new lower bound is infeasible, or a positive cycle was detected
        // in the precedence graph by DisassembleSubtree().
        return CleanupAndReturnFalse();
      }
 
      tree_parent_node_of_[head_node] = node;
      AddNodeToQueue(head_node);
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::DimensionCumulOptimizerCore(
    const RoutingDimension* dimension, bool use_precedence_propagator)
    : dimension_(dimension),
      visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_(
          dimension->model()->GetPickupAndDeliveryPairs().size(), {-1, -1}) {
  if (use_precedence_propagator) {
    propagator_ = std::make_unique<CumulBoundsPropagator>(dimension);
  }
  const RoutingModel& model = *dimension_->model();
  if (dimension_->HasBreakConstraints()) {
    // Initialize vehicle_to_first_index_ so the variables of the breaks of
    // vehicle v are stored from vehicle_to_first_index_[v] to
    // vehicle_to_first_index_[v+1] - 1.
    const int num_vehicles = model.vehicles();
    vehicle_to_all_break_variables_offset_.reserve(num_vehicles);
    int num_break_vars = 0;
    for (int vehicle = 0; vehicle < num_vehicles; ++vehicle) {
      vehicle_to_all_break_variables_offset_.push_back(num_break_vars);
      const auto& intervals = dimension_->GetBreakIntervalsOfVehicle(vehicle);
      num_break_vars += 2 * intervals.size();  // 2 variables per break.
    }
    all_break_variables_.resize(num_break_vars, -1);
  }
  if (!model.GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(dimension_).empty()) {
    resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_variables_per_group_.resize(
        model.GetResourceGroups().size());
    resource_class_ignored_resources_per_group_.resize(
        model.GetResourceGroups().size());
  }
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::ComputeSingleRouteSolutionCostWithoutFixedTransits(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    absl::Span<const int64_t> solution_cumul_values,
    absl::Span<const int64_t> solution_break_values,
    int64_t* cost_without_transits, int64_t* cost_offset,
    bool reuse_previous_model_if_possible, bool clear_lp,
    bool clear_solution_constraints, absl::Duration* const solve_duration) {
  absl::Duration solve_duration_value;
  int64_t cost_offset_value;
  if (!reuse_previous_model_if_possible || solver->ModelIsEmpty()) {
    InitOptimizer(solver);
    // Make sure SetRouteCumulConstraints will properly set the cumul bounds by
    // looking at this route only.
    DCHECK_EQ(propagator_.get(), nullptr);
 
    RoutingModel* const model = dimension_->model();
    const bool optimize_vehicle_costs =
        !model->IsEnd(next_accessor(model->Start(vehicle))) ||
        model->IsVehicleUsedWhenEmpty(vehicle);
    if (!SetRouteCumulConstraints(
            vehicle, next_accessor, dimension_->transit_evaluator(vehicle),
            dimension_travel_info,
            dimension_->GetLocalOptimizerOffsetForVehicle(vehicle),
            optimize_vehicle_costs, solver, nullptr, &cost_offset_value)) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
    if (model->CheckLimit()) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
    solve_duration_value = model->RemainingTime() * solve_duration_ratio;
    if (solve_duration != nullptr) *solve_duration = solve_duration_value;
    if (cost_offset != nullptr) *cost_offset = cost_offset_value;
  } else {
    CHECK(cost_offset != nullptr)
        << "Cannot reuse model without the cost_offset";
    cost_offset_value = *cost_offset;
    CHECK(solve_duration != nullptr)
        << "Cannot reuse model without the solve_duration";
    solve_duration_value = *solve_duration * solve_duration_ratio;
  }
 
  // Constrains the cumuls.
  DCHECK_EQ(solution_cumul_values.size(),
            current_route_cumul_variables_.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < current_route_cumul_variables_.size(); ++i) {
    if (solution_cumul_values[i] < current_route_min_cumuls_[i] ||
        solution_cumul_values[i] > current_route_max_cumuls_[i]) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
    solver->SetVariableBounds(current_route_cumul_variables_[i],
                              /*lower_bound=*/solution_cumul_values[i],
                              /*upper_bound=*/solution_cumul_values[i]);
  }
 
  // Constrains the breaks.
  DCHECK_EQ(solution_break_values.size(),
            current_route_break_variables_.size());
  std::vector<int64_t> current_route_min_breaks(
      current_route_break_variables_.size());
  std::vector<int64_t> current_route_max_breaks(
      current_route_break_variables_.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < current_route_break_variables_.size(); ++i) {
    current_route_min_breaks[i] =
        solver->GetVariableLowerBound(current_route_break_variables_[i]);
    current_route_max_breaks[i] =
        solver->GetVariableUpperBound(current_route_break_variables_[i]);
    solver->SetVariableBounds(current_route_break_variables_[i],
                              /*lower_bound=*/solution_break_values[i],
                              /*upper_bound=*/solution_break_values[i]);
  }
 
  const DimensionSchedulingStatus status = solver->Solve(solve_duration_value);
  if (status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    solver->Clear();
    return status;
  }
 
  if (cost_without_transits != nullptr) {
    *cost_without_transits =
        CapAdd(cost_offset_value, solver->GetObjectiveValue());
  }
 
  if (clear_lp) {
    solver->Clear();
  } else if (clear_solution_constraints) {
    for (int i = 0; i < current_route_cumul_variables_.size(); ++i) {
      solver->SetVariableBounds(current_route_cumul_variables_[i],
                                /*lower_bound=*/current_route_min_cumuls_[i],
                                /*upper_bound=*/current_route_max_cumuls_[i]);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < current_route_break_variables_.size(); ++i) {
      solver->SetVariableBounds(current_route_break_variables_[i],
                                /*lower_bound=*/current_route_min_breaks[i],
                                /*upper_bound=*/current_route_max_breaks[i]);
    }
  }
  return status;
}
 
namespace {
template <typename T>
void ClearIfNonNull(std::vector<T>* v) {
  if (v != nullptr) {
    v->clear();
  }
}
}  // namespace
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource* resource,
    bool optimize_vehicle_costs, RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    std::vector<int64_t>* cumul_values, std::vector<int64_t>* break_values,
    int64_t* cost_without_transits, int64_t* transit_cost, bool clear_lp) {
  if (cost_without_transits != nullptr) *cost_without_transits = -1;
  ClearIfNonNull(cumul_values);
  ClearIfNonNull(break_values);
 
  const std::vector<Resource> resources =
      resource == nullptr ? std::vector<Resource>()
                          : std::vector<Resource>({*resource});
  const std::vector<int> resource_indices =
      resource == nullptr ? std::vector<int>() : std::vector<int>({0});
  std::vector<int64_t> costs_without_transits;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> cumul_values_vec;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> break_values_vec;
  const std::vector<DimensionSchedulingStatus> statuses =
      DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::OptimizeSingleRouteWithResources(
          vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor,
          dimension_->transit_evaluator(vehicle), dimension_travel_info,
          resources, resource_indices, optimize_vehicle_costs, solver,
          cumul_values != nullptr ? &cumul_values_vec : nullptr,
          break_values != nullptr ? &break_values_vec : nullptr,
          cost_without_transits != nullptr ? &costs_without_transits : nullptr,
          transit_cost, clear_lp);
 
  if (dimension()->model()->CheckLimit()) {
    return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
  }
  DCHECK_EQ(statuses.size(), 1);
  const DimensionSchedulingStatus status = statuses[0];
 
  if (status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) return status;
 
  if (cost_without_transits != nullptr) {
    *cost_without_transits = costs_without_transits[0];
  }
  if (cumul_values != nullptr) *cumul_values = std::move(cumul_values_vec[0]);
  if (break_values != nullptr) *break_values = std::move(break_values_vec[0]);
 
  return status;
}
 
namespace {
 
using ResourceGroup = RoutingModel::ResourceGroup;
 
bool GetDomainOffsetBounds(const Domain& domain, int64_t offset,
                           ClosedInterval* interval) {
  const int64_t lower_bound =
      std::max<int64_t>(CapSub(domain.Min(), offset), 0);
  const int64_t upper_bound =
      domain.Max() == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()
          ? std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()
          : CapSub(domain.Max(), offset);
  if (lower_bound > upper_bound) return false;
 
  *interval = ClosedInterval(lower_bound, upper_bound);
  return true;
}
 
bool GetIntervalIntersectionWithOffsetDomain(const ClosedInterval& interval,
                                             const Domain& domain,
                                             int64_t offset,
                                             ClosedInterval* intersection) {
  if (domain == Domain::AllValues()) {
    *intersection = interval;
    return true;
  }
  ClosedInterval offset_domain;
  if (!GetDomainOffsetBounds(domain, offset, &offset_domain)) {
    return false;
  }
  const int64_t intersection_lb = std::max(interval.start, offset_domain.start);
  const int64_t intersection_ub = std::min(interval.end, offset_domain.end);
  if (intersection_lb > intersection_ub) return false;
 
  *intersection = ClosedInterval(intersection_lb, intersection_ub);
  return true;
}
 
ClosedInterval GetVariableBounds(int index,
                                 const RoutingLinearSolverWrapper& solver) {
  return ClosedInterval(solver.GetVariableLowerBound(index),
                        solver.GetVariableUpperBound(index));
}
 
bool TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithResource(
    const RoutingDimension& dimension, const ResourceGroup::Resource& resource,
    const ClosedInterval& start_bounds, int start_index,
    const ClosedInterval& end_bounds, int end_index, int64_t offset,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  const ResourceGroup::Attributes& attributes =
      resource.GetDimensionAttributes(&dimension);
  ClosedInterval new_start_bounds;
  ClosedInterval new_end_bounds;
  return GetIntervalIntersectionWithOffsetDomain(start_bounds,
                                                 attributes.start_domain(),
                                                 offset, &new_start_bounds) &&
         solver->SetVariableBounds(start_index, new_start_bounds.start,
                                   new_start_bounds.end) &&
         GetIntervalIntersectionWithOffsetDomain(
             end_bounds, attributes.end_domain(), offset, &new_end_bounds) &&
         solver->SetVariableBounds(end_index, new_end_bounds.start,
                                   new_end_bounds.end);
}
 
bool TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithAssignedResources(
    const RoutingDimension& dimension, int v, int start_index, int end_index,
    int64_t offset, RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  const RoutingModel* model = dimension.model();
  for (int rg_index : model->GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(&dimension)) {
    const IntVar* res_var = model->ResourceVars(rg_index)[v];
    DCHECK(res_var->Bound());
    const int res_index = res_var->Value();
    if (res_index < 0) {
      // No resource from this group assigned to the vehicle.
      DCHECK(!model->GetResourceGroup(rg_index)->VehicleRequiresAResource(v));
      continue;
    }
    const ResourceGroup::Resource& resource =
        model->GetResourceGroup(rg_index)->GetResource(res_index);
    if (!TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithResource(
            dimension, resource, GetVariableBounds(start_index, *solver),
            start_index, GetVariableBounds(end_index, *solver), end_index,
            offset, solver)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
}  // namespace
 
std::vector<DimensionSchedulingStatus>
DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::OptimizeSingleRouteWithResources(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t, int64_t)>& transit_accessor,
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    absl::Span<const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource> resources,
    absl::Span<const int> resource_indices, bool optimize_vehicle_costs,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* cumul_values,
    std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* break_values,
    std::vector<int64_t>* costs_without_transits, int64_t* transit_cost,
    bool clear_lp) {
  ClearIfNonNull(costs_without_transits);
  const bool optimize_with_resources = !resource_indices.empty();
  if (!optimize_with_resources && !resources.empty()) return {};
 
  InitOptimizer(solver);
  // Make sure SetRouteCumulConstraints will properly set the cumul bounds by
  // looking at this route only.
  DCHECK_EQ(propagator_.get(), nullptr);
 
  RoutingModel* const model = dimension()->model();
  if (model->IsEnd(next_accessor(model->Start(vehicle))) &&
      !model->IsVehicleUsedWhenEmpty(vehicle)) {
    // An unused empty vehicle doesn't require resources.
    DCHECK(!optimize_with_resources);
    optimize_vehicle_costs = false;
  }
 
  const int64_t cumul_offset =
      dimension_->GetLocalOptimizerOffsetForVehicle(vehicle);
  int64_t cost_offset = 0;
  if (!SetRouteCumulConstraints(vehicle, next_accessor, transit_accessor,
                                dimension_travel_info, cumul_offset,
                                optimize_vehicle_costs, solver, transit_cost,
                                &cost_offset)) {
    if (costs_without_transits != nullptr) {
      costs_without_transits->assign(1, -1);
    }
    return {DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE};
  }
  DCHECK_GE(current_route_cumul_variables_.size(), 2);
 
  // NOTE: When there are no resources to optimize for, we still solve the
  // optimization problem for the route (without any added resource constraint).
  // TODO(user): Consider taking 'num_solves' into account to re-adjust the
  // solve_duration_ratio to make sure all sub-problems are given enough time.
  const int num_solves = resource_indices.empty() ? 1 : resource_indices.size();
  if (costs_without_transits != nullptr) {
    costs_without_transits->assign(num_solves, -1);
  }
  if (cumul_values != nullptr) cumul_values->assign(num_solves, {});
  if (break_values != nullptr) break_values->assign(num_solves, {});
 
  const int start_cumul = current_route_cumul_variables_[0];
  const ClosedInterval start_bounds = GetVariableBounds(start_cumul, *solver);
  const int end_cumul = current_route_cumul_variables_.back();
  const ClosedInterval end_bounds = GetVariableBounds(end_cumul, *solver);
  std::vector<DimensionSchedulingStatus> statuses;
  statuses.reserve(num_solves);
  for (int i = 0; i < num_solves; i++) {
    if (model->CheckLimit()) {
      // The model's deadline has been reached, stop.
      ClearIfNonNull(costs_without_transits);
      ClearIfNonNull(cumul_values);
      ClearIfNonNull(break_values);
      solver->Clear();
      return {};
    }
    if (optimize_with_resources &&
        !TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithResource(
            *dimension_, resources[resource_indices[i]], start_bounds,
            start_cumul, end_bounds, end_cumul, cumul_offset, solver)) {
      // The resource attributes don't match this vehicle.
      statuses.push_back(DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE);
      continue;
    }
 
    statuses.push_back(
        solver->Solve(model->RemainingTime() * solve_duration_ratio));
    if (statuses.back() == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
      continue;
    }
    if (costs_without_transits != nullptr) {
      costs_without_transits->at(i) =
          optimize_vehicle_costs
              ? CapAdd(cost_offset, solver->GetObjectiveValue())
              : 0;
    }
 
    if (cumul_values != nullptr) {
      SetValuesFromLP(current_route_cumul_variables_, cumul_offset, solver,
                      &cumul_values->at(i));
    }
    if (break_values != nullptr) {
      SetValuesFromLP(current_route_break_variables_, cumul_offset, solver,
                      &break_values->at(i));
    }
  }
 
  if (clear_lp) {
    solver->Clear();
  }
  return statuses;
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::Optimize(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::vector<RouteDimensionTravelInfo>&
        dimension_travel_info_per_route,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver, std::vector<int64_t>* cumul_values,
    std::vector<int64_t>* break_values,
    std::vector<std::vector<int>>* resource_indices_per_group,
    int64_t* cost_without_transits, int64_t* transit_cost, bool clear_lp,
    bool optimize_resource_assignment) {
  InitOptimizer(solver);
  if (!optimize_resource_assignment) {
    DCHECK_EQ(resource_indices_per_group, nullptr);
  }
 
  // If both "cumul_values" and "costs_without_transits" parameters are null,
  // we don't try to optimize the cost and stop at the first feasible solution.
  const bool optimize_costs =
      (cumul_values != nullptr) || (cost_without_transits != nullptr);
  bool has_vehicles_being_optimized = false;
 
  const int64_t cumul_offset = dimension_->GetGlobalOptimizerOffset();
 
  if (propagator_ != nullptr &&
      !propagator_->PropagateCumulBounds(next_accessor, cumul_offset,
                                         &dimension_travel_info_per_route)) {
    return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
  }
 
  int64_t total_transit_cost = 0;
  int64_t total_cost_offset = 0;
  const RoutingModel* model = dimension_->model();
  for (int vehicle = 0; vehicle < model->vehicles(); vehicle++) {
    int64_t route_transit_cost = 0;
    int64_t route_cost_offset = 0;
    const bool vehicle_is_used =
        !model->IsEnd(next_accessor(model->Start(vehicle))) ||
        model->IsVehicleUsedWhenEmpty(vehicle);
    const bool optimize_vehicle_costs = optimize_costs && vehicle_is_used;
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* const dimension_travel_info =
        dimension_travel_info_per_route.empty()
            ? nullptr
            : &dimension_travel_info_per_route[vehicle];
    if (!SetRouteCumulConstraints(
            vehicle, next_accessor, dimension_->transit_evaluator(vehicle),
            dimension_travel_info, cumul_offset, optimize_vehicle_costs, solver,
            &route_transit_cost, &route_cost_offset)) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
    DCHECK_GE(current_route_cumul_variables_.size(), 2);
    if (vehicle_is_used && !optimize_resource_assignment) {
      // Tighten the route start/end cumul wrt. resources assigned to it.
      if (!TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithAssignedResources(
              *dimension_, vehicle, current_route_cumul_variables_[0],
              current_route_cumul_variables_.back(), cumul_offset, solver)) {
        return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
      }
    }
    total_transit_cost = CapAdd(total_transit_cost, route_transit_cost);
    total_cost_offset = CapAdd(total_cost_offset, route_cost_offset);
    has_vehicles_being_optimized |= optimize_vehicle_costs;
  }
  if (transit_cost != nullptr) {
    *transit_cost = total_transit_cost;
  }
 
  if (!SetGlobalConstraints(next_accessor, cumul_offset,
                            has_vehicles_being_optimized,
                            optimize_resource_assignment, solver)) {
    return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
  }
 
  const DimensionSchedulingStatus status =
      solver->Solve(model->RemainingTime());
  if (status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    solver->Clear();
    return status;
  }
 
  // TODO(user): In case the status is RELAXED_OPTIMAL_ONLY, check we can
  // safely avoid filling variable and cost values.
  SetValuesFromLP(index_to_cumul_variable_, cumul_offset, solver, cumul_values);
  SetValuesFromLP(all_break_variables_, cumul_offset, solver, break_values);
  SetResourceIndices(solver, resource_indices_per_group);
 
  if (cost_without_transits != nullptr) {
    *cost_without_transits =
        CapAdd(solver->GetObjectiveValue(), total_cost_offset);
  }
 
  if (clear_lp) {
    solver->Clear();
  }
  return status;
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::OptimizeAndPack(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::vector<RouteDimensionTravelInfo>&
        dimension_travel_info_per_route,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver, std::vector<int64_t>* cumul_values,
    std::vector<int64_t>* break_values) {
  // Note: We pass a non-nullptr cost to the Optimize() method so the costs
  // are optimized by the solver.
  int64_t cost = 0;
  const glop::GlopParameters original_params = GetGlopParametersForGlobalLP();
  glop::GlopParameters packing_parameters;
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    packing_parameters = original_params;
    packing_parameters.set_use_dual_simplex(false);
    packing_parameters.set_use_preprocessing(true);
    solver->SetParameters(packing_parameters.SerializeAsString());
  }
  DimensionSchedulingStatus status =
      Optimize(next_accessor, dimension_travel_info_per_route, solver,
               /*cumul_values=*/nullptr, /*break_values=*/nullptr,
               /*resource_indices_per_group=*/nullptr, &cost,
               /*transit_cost=*/nullptr,
               /*clear_lp=*/false, /*optimize_resource_assignment=*/false);
  if (status != DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    std::vector<int> vehicles(dimension()->model()->vehicles());
    std::iota(vehicles.begin(), vehicles.end(), 0);
    // Subtle: Even if the status was RELAXED_OPTIMAL_ONLY we try to pack just
    // in case packing manages to make the solution completely feasible.
    status = PackRoutes(std::move(vehicles), /*solve_duration_ratio=*/1.0,
                        solver, packing_parameters);
  }
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    solver->SetParameters(original_params.SerializeAsString());
  }
  if (status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    return status;
  }
  // TODO(user): In case the status is RELAXED_OPTIMAL_ONLY, check we can
  // safely avoid filling variable values.
  const int64_t global_offset = dimension_->GetGlobalOptimizerOffset();
  SetValuesFromLP(index_to_cumul_variable_, global_offset, solver,
                  cumul_values);
  SetValuesFromLP(all_break_variables_, global_offset, solver, break_values);
  solver->Clear();
  return status;
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::OptimizeAndPackSingleRoute(
    int vehicle, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup::Resource* resource,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver, std::vector<int64_t>* cumul_values,
    std::vector<int64_t>* break_values) {
  const glop::GlopParameters original_params = GetGlopParametersForLocalLP();
  glop::GlopParameters packing_parameters;
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    packing_parameters = original_params;
    packing_parameters.set_use_dual_simplex(false);
    packing_parameters.set_use_preprocessing(true);
    solver->SetParameters(packing_parameters.SerializeAsString());
  }
  // TODO(user): Since there are 3 separate solves for packing, divide the
  // input solve_duration_ratio by 3 before passing to the below functions? Or
  // maybe divide by 2 and let PackRoutes() divide by 2 itself (since the 2
  // solves in PackRoutes() should start with a very good first solution hint).
  DimensionSchedulingStatus status = OptimizeSingleRouteWithResource(
      vehicle, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, dimension_travel_info,
      resource, /*optimize_vehicle_costs=*/true, solver,
      /*cumul_values=*/nullptr, /*break_values=*/nullptr,
      /*cost_without_transit=*/nullptr, /*transit_cost=*/nullptr,
      /*clear_lp=*/false);
 
  if (status != DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    status =
        PackRoutes({vehicle}, solve_duration_ratio, solver, packing_parameters);
  }
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    solver->SetParameters(original_params.SerializeAsString());
  }
 
  if (status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
  }
  const int64_t local_offset =
      dimension_->GetLocalOptimizerOffsetForVehicle(vehicle);
  SetValuesFromLP(current_route_cumul_variables_, local_offset, solver,
                  cumul_values);
  SetValuesFromLP(current_route_break_variables_, local_offset, solver,
                  break_values);
  solver->Clear();
  return status;
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::PackRoutes(
    std::vector<int> vehicles, double solve_duration_ratio,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    const glop::GlopParameters& packing_parameters) {
  const RoutingModel* model = dimension_->model();
 
  // NOTE(user): Given our constraint matrix, our problem *should* always
  // have an integer optimal solution, in which case we can round to the nearest
  // integer both for the objective constraint bound (returned by
  // GetObjectiveValue()) and the end cumul variable bound after minimizing
  // (see b/154381899 showcasing an example where std::ceil leads to an
  // "imperfect" packing due to rounding precision errors).
  // If this DCHECK ever fails, it can be removed but the code below should be
  // adapted to have a 2-phase approach, solving once with the rounded value as
  // bound and if this fails, solve again using std::ceil.
  DCHECK(solver->SolutionIsInteger());
 
  // Minimize the route end times without increasing the cost.
  solver->AddObjectiveConstraint();
  solver->ClearObjective();
  for (int vehicle : vehicles) {
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(
        index_to_cumul_variable_[model->End(vehicle)], 1);
  }
 
  glop::GlopParameters current_params;
  const auto retry_solving = [&current_params, model, solver,
                              solve_duration_ratio]() {
    // NOTE: To bypass some cases of false negatives due to imprecisions, we try
    // running Glop with a different use_dual_simplex parameter when running
    // into an infeasible status.
    current_params.set_use_dual_simplex(!current_params.use_dual_simplex());
    solver->SetParameters(current_params.SerializeAsString());
    return solver->Solve(model->RemainingTime() * solve_duration_ratio);
  };
  if (solver->Solve(model->RemainingTime() * solve_duration_ratio) ==
      DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
 
    current_params = packing_parameters;
    if (retry_solving() == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
      return DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE;
    }
  }
 
  // Maximize the route start times without increasing the cost or the route end
  // times.
  solver->ClearObjective();
  for (int vehicle : vehicles) {
    const int end_cumul_var = index_to_cumul_variable_[model->End(vehicle)];
    // end_cumul_var <= solver.GetValue(end_cumul_var)
    solver->SetVariableBounds(
        end_cumul_var, solver->GetVariableLowerBound(end_cumul_var),
        MathUtil::FastInt64Round(solver->GetValue(end_cumul_var)));
 
    // Maximize the starts of the routes.
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(
        index_to_cumul_variable_[model->Start(vehicle)], -1);
  }
 
  DimensionSchedulingStatus status =
      solver->Solve(model->RemainingTime() * solve_duration_ratio);
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver() &&
      status == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE) {
    status = retry_solving();
  }
  return status;
}
 
#define SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, var, name) \
  do {                                             \
    if (DEBUG_MODE) {                              \
      solver->SetVariableName(var, name);          \
    }                                              \
  } while (false)
 
void DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::InitOptimizer(
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  solver->Clear();
  index_to_cumul_variable_.assign(dimension_->cumuls().size(), -1);
  max_end_cumul_ = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
  SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, max_end_cumul_, "max_end_cumul");
  min_start_cumul_ = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
  SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, min_start_cumul_, "min_start_cumul");
}
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::ExtractRouteCumulBounds(
    absl::Span<const int64_t> route, int64_t cumul_offset) {
  const int route_size = route.size();
  current_route_min_cumuls_.resize(route_size);
  current_route_max_cumuls_.resize(route_size);
 
  // Extract cumul min/max and fixed transits from CP.
  for (int pos = 0; pos < route_size; ++pos) {
    if (!GetCumulBoundsWithOffset(*dimension_, route[pos], cumul_offset,
                                  &current_route_min_cumuls_[pos],
                                  &current_route_max_cumuls_[pos])) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::TightenRouteCumulBounds(
    absl::Span<const int64_t> route, absl::Span<const int64_t> min_transits,
    int64_t cumul_offset) {
  const int route_size = route.size();
  if (propagator_ != nullptr) {
    for (int pos = 0; pos < route_size; pos++) {
      const int64_t node = route[pos];
      current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] = propagator_->CumulMin(node);
      DCHECK_GE(current_route_min_cumuls_[pos], 0);
      current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] = propagator_->CumulMax(node);
      DCHECK_GE(current_route_max_cumuls_[pos], current_route_min_cumuls_[pos]);
    }
    return true;
  }
 
  // Refine cumul bounds using
  // cumul[i+1] >= cumul[i] + fixed_transit[i] + slack[i].
  for (int pos = 1; pos < route_size; ++pos) {
    const int64_t slack_min = dimension_->SlackVar(route[pos - 1])->Min();
    current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] = std::max(
        current_route_min_cumuls_[pos],
        CapAdd(
            CapAdd(current_route_min_cumuls_[pos - 1], min_transits[pos - 1]),
            slack_min));
    current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] = GetFirstPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
        *dimension_, route[pos], current_route_min_cumuls_[pos], cumul_offset);
    if (current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] > current_route_max_cumuls_[pos]) {
      return false;
    }
  }
 
  for (int pos = route_size - 2; pos >= 0; --pos) {
    // If cumul_max[pos+1] is kint64max, it will be translated to
    // double +infinity, so it must not constrain cumul_max[pos].
    if (current_route_max_cumuls_[pos + 1] <
        std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      const int64_t slack_min = dimension_->SlackVar(route[pos])->Min();
      current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] = std::min(
          current_route_max_cumuls_[pos],
          CapSub(CapSub(current_route_max_cumuls_[pos + 1], min_transits[pos]),
                 slack_min));
      current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] = GetLastPossibleValueForCumulWithOffset(
          *dimension_, route[pos], current_route_max_cumuls_[pos],
          cumul_offset);
      if (current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] < current_route_min_cumuls_[pos]) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
std::vector<SlopeAndYIntercept> PiecewiseLinearFunctionToSlopeAndYIntercept(
    const FloatSlopePiecewiseLinearFunction& pwl_function, int index_start,
    int index_end) {
  const auto& x_anchors = pwl_function.x_anchors();
  const auto& y_anchors = pwl_function.y_anchors();
  if (index_end < 0) index_end = x_anchors.size() - 1;
  const int num_segments = index_end - index_start;
  DCHECK_GE(num_segments, 1);
  std::vector<SlopeAndYIntercept> slope_and_y_intercept(num_segments);
  for (int seg = index_start; seg < index_end; ++seg) {
    auto& [slope, y_intercept] = slope_and_y_intercept[seg - index_start];
    slope = (y_anchors[seg + 1] - y_anchors[seg]) /
            static_cast<double>(x_anchors[seg + 1] - x_anchors[seg]);
    y_intercept = y_anchors[seg] - slope * x_anchors[seg];
  }
  return slope_and_y_intercept;
}
 
std::vector<bool> SlopeAndYInterceptToConvexityRegions(
    absl::Span<const SlopeAndYIntercept> slope_and_y_intercept) {
  CHECK(!slope_and_y_intercept.empty());
  std::vector<bool> convex(slope_and_y_intercept.size(), false);
  double previous_slope = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
  for (int i = 0; i < slope_and_y_intercept.size(); ++i) {
    const auto& pair = slope_and_y_intercept[i];
    if (pair.slope < previous_slope) {
      convex[i] = true;
    }
    previous_slope = pair.slope;
  }
  return convex;
}
 
namespace {
// Find a "good" scaling factor for constraints with non-integers coefficients.
// See sat::FindBestScalingAndComputeErrors() for more infos.
double FindBestScaling(absl::Span<const double> coefficients,
                       absl::Span<const double> lower_bounds,
                       absl::Span<const double> upper_bounds,
                       int64_t max_absolute_activity,
                       double wanted_absolute_activity_precision) {
  double unused_relative_coeff_error = 0;
  double unused_scaled_sum_error = 0;
  return sat::FindBestScalingAndComputeErrors(
      coefficients, lower_bounds, upper_bounds, max_absolute_activity,
      wanted_absolute_activity_precision, &unused_relative_coeff_error,
      &unused_scaled_sum_error);
}
}  // namespace
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetRouteTravelConstraints(
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info,
    absl::Span<const int> lp_slacks, absl::Span<const int64_t> fixed_transit,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  const std::vector<int>& lp_cumuls = current_route_cumul_variables_;
  const int path_size = lp_cumuls.size();
 
  if (dimension_travel_info == nullptr ||
      dimension_travel_info->transition_info.empty()) {
    // Travel is not travel-start dependent.
    // Add all path constraints to LP:
    // cumul[i] + fixed_transit[i] + slack[i] == cumul[i+1]
    // <=> fixed_transit[i] == cumul[i+1] - cumul[i] - slack[i].
    for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size - 1; ++pos) {
      const int ct =
          solver->CreateNewConstraint(fixed_transit[pos], fixed_transit[pos]);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls[pos + 1], 1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls[pos], -1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_slacks[pos], -1);
    }
    return true;
  }
 
  // See:
  // https://docs.google.com/document/d/1niFfbCNjh70VepvVk4Ft8QgQAcrA5hrye-Vu_k0VgWw/edit?usp=sharing&resourcekey=0-rUJUHuWPjn1wWZaA0uDdtg
  for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size - 1; ++pos) {
    // Add a traffic-aware compression cost, for every path.
    // compression_cost represents the cost of the ABSOLUTE compression of the
    // travel.
    const int compression_cost = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, compression_cost,
                            absl::StrFormat("compression_cost(%ld)", pos));
    // relative_compression_cost represents the cost of the RELATIVE compression
    // of the travel. This is the real cost used. In theory,
    // relative_compression_cost = compression_cost / Tᵣ, where Tᵣ is the travel
    // value (computed with the PWL). In practice, this requires a
    // multiplication which is slow, so several approximations are implemented
    // below.
    const int relative_compression_cost = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
        solver, relative_compression_cost,
        absl::StrFormat("relative_compression_cost(%ld)", pos));
 
    const RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo::TransitionInfo&
        transition_info = dimension_travel_info->transition_info[pos];
    const FloatSlopePiecewiseLinearFunction& travel_function =
        transition_info.travel_start_dependent_travel;
    const auto& travel_x_anchors = travel_function.x_anchors();
 
    // 1. Create the travel value variable and set its constraints.
    // 1.a. Create Variables for the start and value of a travel
    const int64_t pre_travel_transit = transition_info.pre_travel_transit_value;
    const int64_t post_travel_transit =
        transition_info.post_travel_transit_value;
    const int64_t compressed_travel_value_lower_bound =
        transition_info.compressed_travel_value_lower_bound;
    const int64_t travel_value_upper_bound =
        transition_info.travel_value_upper_bound;
    // The lower bound of travel_value is already implemented by constraints as
    // travel_value >= compressed_travel_value (defined below) and
    // compressed_travel_value has compressed_travel_value_lower_bound as a
    // lower bound. The bound is added for the sake of clarity and being
    // explicit.
    const int travel_value = solver->AddVariable(
        compressed_travel_value_lower_bound, travel_value_upper_bound);
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, travel_value,
                            absl::StrFormat("travel_value(%ld)", pos));
    const int travel_start = solver->AddVariable(
        current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] + pre_travel_transit,
        current_route_max_cumuls_[pos + 1] - post_travel_transit -
            compressed_travel_value_lower_bound);
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, travel_start,
                            absl::StrFormat("travel_start(%ld)", pos));
    // travel_start = cumul[pos] + pre_travel[pos]
    // This becomes: pre_travel[pos] = travel_start - cumul[pos]
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(pre_travel_transit, pre_travel_transit,
                                {{travel_start, 1}, {lp_cumuls[pos], -1}});
 
    // Find segments that are in bounds
    // Only the segments in [index_anchor_start, index_anchor_end[ are in
    // bounds, the others can therefore be discarded.
    const int num_pwl_anchors = travel_x_anchors.size();
    int index_anchor_start = 0;
    while (index_anchor_start < num_pwl_anchors - 1 &&
           travel_x_anchors[index_anchor_start + 1] <=
               current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] + pre_travel_transit) {
      ++index_anchor_start;
    }
    int index_anchor_end = num_pwl_anchors - 1;
    while (index_anchor_end > 0 &&
           travel_x_anchors[index_anchor_end - 1] >=
               current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] + pre_travel_transit) {
      --index_anchor_end;
    }
    // Check that there is at least one segment.
    if (index_anchor_start >= index_anchor_end) return false;
 
    // Precompute the slopes and y-intercept as they will be used to detect
    // convexities and in the constraints.
    // This has size index_anchor_end - index_anchor_start.
    const std::vector<SlopeAndYIntercept> slope_and_y_intercept =
        PiecewiseLinearFunctionToSlopeAndYIntercept(
            travel_function, index_anchor_start, index_anchor_end);
 
    // Optimize binary variables by detecting convexities
    const std::vector<bool> convexities =
        SlopeAndYInterceptToConvexityRegions(slope_and_y_intercept);
 
    int nb_bin_variables = 0;
    for (const bool convexity : convexities) {
      if (convexity) {
        ++nb_bin_variables;
        if (nb_bin_variables >= 2) break;
      }
    }
    const bool need_bins = (nb_bin_variables > 1);
    // 1.b. Create a constraint so that the start belongs to only one segment
    const int travel_start_in_one_segment_ct =
        need_bins ? solver->CreateNewConstraint(1, 1)
                  : -1;  // -1 is a placeholder value here
 
    int belongs_to_this_segment_var;
    for (int seg = 0; seg < convexities.size(); ++seg) {
      if (need_bins && convexities[seg]) {
        belongs_to_this_segment_var = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
        SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
            solver, belongs_to_this_segment_var,
            absl::StrFormat("travel_start(%ld)belongs_to_seg(%ld)", pos, seg));
        solver->SetCoefficient(travel_start_in_one_segment_ct,
                               belongs_to_this_segment_var, 1);
 
        // 1.c. Link the binary variable to the departure time
        // If the travel_start value is outside the PWL, the closest segment
        // will be used. This is why some bounds are infinite.
        const int64_t lower_bound_interval =
            seg > 0 ? travel_x_anchors[index_anchor_start + seg]
                    : current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] + pre_travel_transit;
        int64_t end_of_seg = seg + 1;
        const int num_convexities = convexities.size();
        while (end_of_seg < num_convexities && !convexities[end_of_seg]) {
          ++end_of_seg;
        }
        const int64_t higher_bound_interval =
            end_of_seg < num_pwl_anchors - 1
                ? travel_x_anchors[index_anchor_start + end_of_seg]
                : current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] + pre_travel_transit;
        const int travel_start_in_segment_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            lower_bound_interval, higher_bound_interval, {{travel_start, 1}});
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(travel_start_in_segment_ct,
                                      belongs_to_this_segment_var);
      }
 
      // 1.d. Compute the slope and y_intercept, the
      // coefficient used in the constraint, for each segment.
      const auto [slope, y_intercept] = slope_and_y_intercept[seg];
      // Starting later should always mean arriving later
      DCHECK_GE(slope, -1.0) << "Travel value PWL should have a slope >= -1";
 
      // 1.e. Define the linearization of travel_value
      // travel_value - slope * travel_start[pos] = y_intercept, for each
      // segment. In order to have a softer constraint, we only impose:
      // travel_value - slope * travel_start[pos] >= y_intercept
      // and since the cost is increasing in the travel_value, it will
      // Minimize it. In addition, since we are working with integers, we
      // add a relaxation of 0.5 which gives:
      // travel_value - slope * travel_start[pos] >= y_intercept - 0.5.
      const double upper_bound = current_route_max_cumuls_[pos];
      const double factor = FindBestScaling(
          {1.0, -slope, y_intercept - 0.5}, /*lower_bounds=*/
          {static_cast<double>(compressed_travel_value_lower_bound), 0, 1},
          /*upper_bounds=*/
          {static_cast<double>(travel_value_upper_bound), upper_bound, 1},
          /*max_absolute_activity=*/(int64_t{1} << 62),
          /*wanted_absolute_activity_precision=*/1e-3);
      // If no correct scaling is found, factor can be equal to 0. This will be
      // translated as an unfeasible model as, it will not constraint the
      // travel_value with a factor of 0.
      if (factor <= 0) return false;
 
      const int linearization_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          MathUtil::FastInt64Round(factor * (y_intercept - 0.5)),
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
          {{travel_value, MathUtil::FastInt64Round(factor)},
           {travel_start, MathUtil::FastInt64Round(-factor * slope)}});
      if (need_bins) {
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(linearization_ct,
                                      belongs_to_this_segment_var);
      }
 
      // ====== UNCOMMENT TO USE ORDER0 ERROR APPROXIMATION ===== //
      // Normally cost_scaled = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tᵣ
      // but here we approximate it as cost_scaled = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tm
      // with Tm the average travel value of this segment.
      // Therefore, we compute cost_scaled = cost / Tm
      // So the cost_function must be defined as cost = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²
      // const int64_t Tm = (transit_function.y_anchors[seg] +
      // transit_function.y_anchors[seg + 1]) / 2; The constraint is
      // implemented as: cost_scaled * Tm >= cost const int cost_ct =
      // solver->AddLinearConstraint(0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
      // {{cost_scaled, Tm}, {cost, -1}});
      // solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(cost_ct, belongs_to_this_segment_var);
    }
 
    // 2. Create a variable for the compressed_travel_value.
    // cumul[pos + 1] = cumul[pos] + slack[pos] + pre_travel_transit[pos] +
    // compressed_travel_value[pos] + post_travel_transit[pos] This becomes:
    // post_travel_transit[pos] + pre_travel_transit[pos] =  cumul[pos + 1] -
    // cumul[pos] - slack[pos] - compressed_travel_value[pos] The higher bound
    // of compressed_travel_value is already implemented by constraints as
    // travel_compression_absolute = travel_value - compressed_travel_value > 0
    // (see below) and travel_value has travel_value_upper_bound as an upper
    // bound. The bound is added for the sake of clarity and being explicit.
    const int compressed_travel_value = solver->AddVariable(
        compressed_travel_value_lower_bound, travel_value_upper_bound);
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
        solver, compressed_travel_value,
        absl::StrFormat("compressed_travel_value(%ld)", pos));
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(post_travel_transit + pre_travel_transit,
                                post_travel_transit + pre_travel_transit,
                                {{compressed_travel_value, -1},
                                 {lp_cumuls[pos + 1], 1},
                                 {lp_cumuls[pos], -1},
                                 {lp_slacks[pos], -1}});
 
    // 2. Create the travel value compression variable
    // travel_compression_absolute == travel_value - compressed_travel_value
    // This becomes: 0 = travel_compression_absolute - travel_value +
    // compressed_travel_value travel_compression_absolute must be positive or
    // equal to 0.
    const int travel_compression_absolute = solver->AddVariable(
        0, travel_value_upper_bound - compressed_travel_value_lower_bound);
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
        solver, travel_compression_absolute,
        absl::StrFormat("travel_compression_absolute(%ld)", pos));
 
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(0, 0,
                                {{travel_compression_absolute, 1},
                                 {travel_value, -1},
                                 {compressed_travel_value, 1}});
 
    // 3. Add a cost per unit of travel
    // The travel_cost_coefficient is set with the travel_value and not the
    // compressed_travel_value to not give the incentive to compress a little
    // bit in order to same some cost per travel.
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(
        travel_value, dimension_travel_info->travel_cost_coefficient);
 
    // 4. Adds a convex cost in epsilon
    // Here we DCHECK that the cost function is indeed convex
    const FloatSlopePiecewiseLinearFunction& cost_function =
        transition_info.travel_compression_cost;
    const auto& cost_x_anchors = cost_function.x_anchors();
 
    const std::vector<SlopeAndYIntercept> cost_slope_and_y_intercept =
        PiecewiseLinearFunctionToSlopeAndYIntercept(cost_function);
    const double cost_max = cost_function.ComputeConvexValue(
        travel_value_upper_bound - compressed_travel_value_lower_bound);
    double previous_slope = 0;
    for (int seg = 0; seg < cost_x_anchors.size() - 1; ++seg) {
      const auto [slope, y_intercept] = cost_slope_and_y_intercept[seg];
      // Check convexity
      DCHECK_GE(slope, previous_slope)
          << "Compression error is not convex. Segment " << (1 + seg)
          << " out of " << (cost_x_anchors.size() - 1);
      previous_slope = slope;
      const double factor = FindBestScaling(
          {1.0, -slope, y_intercept}, /*lower_bounds=*/
          {0, static_cast<double>(compressed_travel_value_lower_bound), 1},
          /*upper_bounds=*/
          {cost_max, static_cast<double>(travel_value_upper_bound), 1},
          /*max_absolute_activity=*/(static_cast<int64_t>(1) << 62),
          /*wanted_absolute_activity_precision=*/1e-3);
      // If no correct scaling is found, factor can be equal to 0. This will be
      // translated as an unfeasible model as, it will not constraint the
      // compression_cost with a factor of 0.
      if (factor <= 0) return false;
 
      solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          MathUtil::FastInt64Round(factor * y_intercept),
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
          {{compression_cost, std::round(factor)},
           {travel_compression_absolute,
            MathUtil::FastInt64Round(-factor * slope)}});
    }
    // ====== UNCOMMENT TO USE PRODUCT TO COMPUTE THE EXACT ERROR ===== //
    // Normally cost_scaled = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tᵣ
    // and here we compute cost_scaled = cost / Tᵣ
    // So the cost_function must be defined as cost = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²
    // const int prod = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    // solver->AddProductConstraint(prod, {cost_scaled, travel_value});
    // The constraint is implemented as: cost_scaled * Tᵣ >= cost
    // solver->AddLinearConstraint(0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
    // {{prod, 1}, {cost, -1}});
 
    // ====== UNCOMMENT TO USE AVERAGE ERROR APPROXIMATION ===== //
    // Normally cost_scaled = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tᵣ
    // but here we approximate it as cost_scaled = C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tₐ
    // with Tₐ the average travel value (on all the segments).
    // Since we do not have access to Tₐ here, we define cost_scaled as
    // cost_scaled = cost. So the cost_function must be defined as cost =
    // C₂×(Tᵣ - T)²/Tₐ The constraint is implemented as: cost_scaled >= cost
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(
        0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
        {{relative_compression_cost, 1}, {compression_cost, -1}});
 
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(relative_compression_cost, 1.0);
  }
  return true;
}
 
namespace {
bool RouteIsValid(const RoutingModel& model, int vehicle,
                  const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor) {
  absl::flat_hash_set<int64_t> visited;
  int node = model.Start(vehicle);
  visited.insert(node);
  while (!model.IsEnd(node)) {
    node = next_accessor(node);
    if (visited.contains(node)) return false;
    visited.insert(node);
  }
  return visited.size() >= 2;
}
}  // namespace
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetRouteCumulConstraints(
    int vehicle, const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t, int64_t)>& transit_accessor,
    const RouteDimensionTravelInfo* dimension_travel_info, int64_t cumul_offset,
    bool optimize_costs, RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    int64_t* route_transit_cost, int64_t* route_cost_offset) {
  RoutingModel* const model = dimension_->model();
  // Extract the vehicle's path from next_accessor.
  std::vector<int64_t> path;
  {
    DCHECK(RouteIsValid(*model, vehicle, next_accessor));
    int node = model->Start(vehicle);
    path.push_back(node);
    while (!model->IsEnd(node)) {
      node = next_accessor(node);
      path.push_back(node);
    }
    DCHECK_GE(path.size(), 2);
  }
  const int path_size = path.size();
 
  std::vector<int64_t> fixed_transit(path_size - 1);
  int64_t total_fixed_transit = 0;
  {
    for (int pos = 1; pos < path_size; ++pos) {
      int64_t& transit = fixed_transit[pos - 1];
      transit = transit_accessor(path[pos - 1], path[pos]);
      total_fixed_transit = CapAdd(total_fixed_transit, transit);
    }
  }
  if (!ExtractRouteCumulBounds(path, cumul_offset)) {
    return false;
  }
  if (dimension_travel_info == nullptr ||
      dimension_travel_info->transition_info.empty()) {
    if (!TightenRouteCumulBounds(path, fixed_transit, cumul_offset)) {
      return false;
    }
  } else {
    // Tighten the bounds with the lower bound of the transit value
    std::vector<int64_t> min_transit(path_size - 1);
    for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size - 1; ++pos) {
      const RouteDimensionTravelInfo::TransitionInfo& transition =
          dimension_travel_info->transition_info[pos];
      min_transit[pos] = transition.pre_travel_transit_value +
                         transition.compressed_travel_value_lower_bound +
                         transition.post_travel_transit_value;
    }
    if (!TightenRouteCumulBounds(path, min_transit, cumul_offset)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
 
  // LP Model variables, current_route_cumul_variables_ and lp_slacks.
  // Create LP variables for cumuls.
  std::vector<int>& lp_cumuls = current_route_cumul_variables_;
  lp_cumuls.assign(path_size, -1);
  for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size; ++pos) {
    const int lp_cumul = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, lp_cumul,
                            absl::StrFormat("lp_cumul(%ld)", pos));
    index_to_cumul_variable_[path[pos]] = lp_cumul;
    lp_cumuls[pos] = lp_cumul;
    if (!solver->SetVariableBounds(lp_cumul, current_route_min_cumuls_[pos],
                                   current_route_max_cumuls_[pos])) {
      return false;
    }
    const SortedDisjointIntervalList& forbidden =
        dimension_->forbidden_intervals()[path[pos]];
    if (forbidden.NumIntervals() > 0) {
      std::vector<int64_t> starts;
      std::vector<int64_t> ends;
      for (const ClosedInterval interval :
           dimension_->GetAllowedIntervalsInRange(
               path[pos], CapAdd(current_route_min_cumuls_[pos], cumul_offset),
               CapAdd(current_route_max_cumuls_[pos], cumul_offset))) {
        starts.push_back(CapSub(interval.start, cumul_offset));
        ends.push_back(CapSub(interval.end, cumul_offset));
      }
      solver->SetVariableDisjointBounds(lp_cumul, starts, ends);
    }
  }
  solver->AddRoute(path, lp_cumuls);
  // Create LP variables for slacks.
  std::vector<int> lp_slacks(path_size - 1, -1);
  for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size - 1; ++pos) {
    const IntVar* cp_slack = dimension_->SlackVar(path[pos]);
    lp_slacks[pos] = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, lp_slacks[pos],
                            absl::StrFormat("lp_slacks(%ld)", pos));
    if (!solver->SetVariableBounds(lp_slacks[pos], cp_slack->Min(),
                                   cp_slack->Max())) {
      return false;
    }
  }
 
  if (!SetRouteTravelConstraints(dimension_travel_info, lp_slacks,
                                 fixed_transit, solver)) {
    return false;
  }
 
  if (route_cost_offset != nullptr) *route_cost_offset = 0;
  if (optimize_costs) {
    // Add soft upper bounds.
    for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size; ++pos) {
      if (!dimension_->HasCumulVarSoftUpperBound(path[pos])) continue;
      const int64_t coef =
          dimension_->GetCumulVarSoftUpperBoundCoefficient(path[pos]);
      if (coef == 0) continue;
      int64_t bound = dimension_->GetCumulVarSoftUpperBound(path[pos]);
      if (bound < cumul_offset && route_cost_offset != nullptr) {
        // Add coef * (cumul_offset - bound) to the cost offset.
        *route_cost_offset = CapAdd(*route_cost_offset,
                                    CapProd(CapSub(cumul_offset, bound), coef));
      }
      bound = std::max<int64_t>(0, CapSub(bound, cumul_offset));
      if (current_route_max_cumuls_[pos] <= bound) {
        // constraint is never violated.
        continue;
      }
      const int soft_ub_diff = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, soft_ub_diff,
                              absl::StrFormat("soft_ub_diff(%ld)", pos));
      solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(soft_ub_diff, coef);
      // cumul - soft_ub_diff <= bound.
      const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), bound);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls[pos], 1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, soft_ub_diff, -1);
    }
    // Add soft lower bounds.
    for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size; ++pos) {
      if (!dimension_->HasCumulVarSoftLowerBound(path[pos])) continue;
      const int64_t coef =
          dimension_->GetCumulVarSoftLowerBoundCoefficient(path[pos]);
      if (coef == 0) continue;
      const int64_t bound = std::max<int64_t>(
          0, CapSub(dimension_->GetCumulVarSoftLowerBound(path[pos]),
                    cumul_offset));
      if (current_route_min_cumuls_[pos] >= bound) {
        // constraint is never violated.
        continue;
      }
      const int soft_lb_diff = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, soft_lb_diff,
                              absl::StrFormat("soft_lb_diff(%ld)", pos));
      solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(soft_lb_diff, coef);
      // bound - cumul <= soft_lb_diff
      const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          bound, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls[pos], 1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, soft_lb_diff, 1);
    }
  }
  // Add pickup and delivery limits.
  std::vector<int> visited_pairs;
  StoreVisitedPickupDeliveryPairsOnRoute(
      *dimension_, vehicle, next_accessor, &visited_pairs,
      &visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_);
  for (int pair_index : visited_pairs) {
    const int64_t pickup_index =
        visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index].first;
    const int64_t delivery_index =
        visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index].second;
    visited_pickup_delivery_indices_for_pair_[pair_index] = {-1, -1};
 
    DCHECK_GE(pickup_index, 0);
    if (delivery_index < 0) {
      // We didn't encounter a delivery for this pickup.
      continue;
    }
 
    const int64_t limit = dimension_->GetPickupToDeliveryLimitForPair(
        pair_index, model->GetPickupPosition(pickup_index)->alternative_index,
        model->GetDeliveryPosition(delivery_index)->alternative_index);
    if (limit < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      // delivery_cumul - pickup_cumul <= limit.
      const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), limit);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, index_to_cumul_variable_[delivery_index], 1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, index_to_cumul_variable_[pickup_index], -1);
    }
  }
 
  // Add span bound constraint.
  const int64_t span_bound = dimension_->GetSpanUpperBoundForVehicle(vehicle);
  if (span_bound < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
    // end_cumul - start_cumul <= bound
    const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
        std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), span_bound);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.back(), 1);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.front(), -1);
  }
  // Add span and slack costs.
  // NOTE: The fixed transit is removed from the span cost since it doesn't
  // affect the optimization of the scheduling of the route.
  const int64_t span_cost_coef =
      dimension_->GetSpanCostCoefficientForVehicle(vehicle);
  const int64_t slack_cost_coef = CapAdd(
      span_cost_coef, dimension_->GetSlackCostCoefficientForVehicle(vehicle));
  if (optimize_costs && slack_cost_coef > 0) {
    // span_without_fixed_transit_var =
    //                  end_cumul - start_cumul - total_fixed_transit
    const int span_without_fixed_transit_var =
        solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, span_without_fixed_transit_var,
                            "span_without_fixed_transit_var");
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(total_fixed_transit, total_fixed_transit,
                                {{lp_cumuls.back(), 1},
                                 {lp_cumuls.front(), -1},
                                 {span_without_fixed_transit_var, -1}});
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(span_without_fixed_transit_var,
                                    slack_cost_coef);
  }
  // Add soft span cost.
  if (optimize_costs && dimension_->HasSoftSpanUpperBounds()) {
    const BoundCost bound_cost =
        dimension_->GetSoftSpanUpperBoundForVehicle(vehicle);
    if (bound_cost.bound < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() &&
        bound_cost.cost > 0) {
      const int span_violation = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, span_violation, "span_violation");
      // end - start <= bound + span_violation
      const int violation = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), bound_cost.bound);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, lp_cumuls.back(), 1.0);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, lp_cumuls.front(), -1.0);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, span_violation, -1.0);
      // Add span_violation * cost to objective.
      solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(span_violation, bound_cost.cost);
    }
  }
  if (optimize_costs && solver->IsCPSATSolver() &&
      dimension_->HasQuadraticCostSoftSpanUpperBounds()) {
    // NOTE: the quadratic soft bound might be different from the one above.
    const BoundCost bound_cost =
        dimension_->GetQuadraticCostSoftSpanUpperBoundForVehicle(vehicle);
    if (bound_cost.bound < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() &&
        bound_cost.cost > 0) {
      const int span_violation = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
          solver, span_violation,
          absl::StrFormat("quadratic_span_violation(%ld)", vehicle));
      // end - start <= bound + span_violation
      const int violation = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), bound_cost.bound);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, lp_cumuls.back(), 1.0);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, lp_cumuls.front(), -1.0);
      solver->SetCoefficient(violation, span_violation, -1.0);
      // Add variable squared_span_violation, equal to span_violation².
      const int squared_span_violation = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
          solver, squared_span_violation,
          absl::StrFormat("squared_span_violation(%ld)", vehicle));
      solver->AddProductConstraint(squared_span_violation,
                                   {span_violation, span_violation});
      // Add squared_span_violation * cost to objective.
      solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(squared_span_violation, bound_cost.cost);
    }
  }
  // Add global span constraint.
  if (optimize_costs && dimension_->global_span_cost_coefficient() > 0) {
    // min_start_cumul_ <= cumuls[start]
    int ct =
        solver->CreateNewConstraint(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, min_start_cumul_, 1);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.front(), -1);
    // max_end_cumul_ >= cumuls[end]
    ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, max_end_cumul_, 1);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.back(), -1);
  }
  // Fill transit cost if specified.
  if (route_transit_cost != nullptr) {
    if (optimize_costs && span_cost_coef > 0) {
      *route_transit_cost = CapProd(total_fixed_transit, span_cost_coef);
    } else {
      *route_transit_cost = 0;
    }
  }
  // For every break that must be inside the route, the duration of that break
  // must be flowed in the slacks of arcs that can intersect the break.
  // This LP modelization is correct but not complete:
  // can miss some cases where the breaks cannot fit.
  // TODO(user): remove the need for returns in the code below.
  current_route_break_variables_.clear();
  if (!dimension_->HasBreakConstraints()) return true;
  const std::vector<IntervalVar*>& breaks =
      dimension_->GetBreakIntervalsOfVehicle(vehicle);
  const int num_breaks = breaks.size();
  // When there are no breaks, only break distance needs to be modeled,
  // and it reduces to a span maximum.
  // TODO(user): Also add the case where no breaks can intersect the route.
  if (num_breaks == 0) {
    int64_t maximum_route_span = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
    for (const auto& distance_duration :
         dimension_->GetBreakDistanceDurationOfVehicle(vehicle)) {
      maximum_route_span =
          std::min(maximum_route_span, distance_duration.first);
    }
    if (maximum_route_span < std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
          std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), maximum_route_span);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.back(), 1);
      solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_cumuls.front(), -1);
    }
    return true;
  }
  // Gather visit information: the visit of node i has [start, end) =
  // [cumul[i] - post_travel[i-1], cumul[i] + pre_travel[i]).
  // Breaks cannot overlap those visit intervals.
  std::vector<int64_t> pre_travel(path_size - 1, 0);
  std::vector<int64_t> post_travel(path_size - 1, 0);
  {
    const int pre_travel_index =
        dimension_->GetPreTravelEvaluatorOfVehicle(vehicle);
    if (pre_travel_index != -1) {
      FillPathEvaluation(path, model->TransitCallback(pre_travel_index),
                         &pre_travel);
    }
    const int post_travel_index =
        dimension_->GetPostTravelEvaluatorOfVehicle(vehicle);
    if (post_travel_index != -1) {
      FillPathEvaluation(path, model->TransitCallback(post_travel_index),
                         &post_travel);
    }
  }
  // If the solver is CPSAT, it will need to represent the times at which
  // breaks are scheduled, those variables are used both in the pure breaks
  // part and in the break distance part of the model.
  // Otherwise, it doesn't need the variables and they are not created.
  struct LpBreak {
    int start;
    int end;
    int duration;
  };
  std::vector<LpBreak> lp_breaks;
  if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    lp_breaks.resize(num_breaks, {.start = -1, .end = -1, .duration = -1});
  }
 
  std::vector<int> slack_exact_lower_bound_ct(path_size - 1, -1);
  std::vector<int> slack_linear_lower_bound_ct(path_size - 1, -1);
 
  const int64_t vehicle_start_min = current_route_min_cumuls_.front();
  const int64_t vehicle_start_max = current_route_max_cumuls_.front();
  const int64_t vehicle_end_min = current_route_min_cumuls_.back();
  const int64_t vehicle_end_max = current_route_max_cumuls_.back();
  const int all_break_variables_offset =
      vehicle_to_all_break_variables_offset_[vehicle];
  for (int br = 0; br < num_breaks; ++br) {
    const IntervalVar& break_var = *breaks[br];
    if (!break_var.MustBePerformed()) continue;
    const int64_t break_start_min = CapSub(break_var.StartMin(), cumul_offset);
    const int64_t break_start_max = CapSub(break_var.StartMax(), cumul_offset);
    const int64_t break_end_min = CapSub(break_var.EndMin(), cumul_offset);
    const int64_t break_end_max = CapSub(break_var.EndMax(), cumul_offset);
    const int64_t break_duration_min = break_var.DurationMin();
    const int64_t break_duration_max = break_var.DurationMax();
    // The CPSAT solver encodes all breaks that can intersect the route,
    // the LP solver only encodes the breaks that must intersect the route.
    if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
      if (break_end_max <= vehicle_start_min ||
          vehicle_end_max <= break_start_min) {
        all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br] = -1;
        all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br + 1] = -1;
        current_route_break_variables_.push_back(-1);
        current_route_break_variables_.push_back(-1);
        continue;
      }
      lp_breaks[br] = {
          .start = solver->AddVariable(break_start_min, break_start_max),
          .end = solver->AddVariable(break_end_min, break_end_max),
          .duration =
              solver->AddVariable(break_duration_min, break_duration_max)};
      const auto [break_start, break_end, break_duration] = lp_breaks[br];
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, break_start,
                              absl::StrFormat("lp_break_start(%ld)", br));
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, break_end,
                              absl::StrFormat("lp_break_end(%ld)", br));
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, break_duration,
                              absl::StrFormat("lp_break_duration(%ld)", br));
      // start + duration = end.
      solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          0, 0, {{break_end, 1}, {break_start, -1}, {break_duration, -1}});
      // Record index of variables
      all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br] = break_start;
      all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br + 1] = break_end;
      current_route_break_variables_.push_back(break_start);
      current_route_break_variables_.push_back(break_end);
    } else {
      if (break_end_min <= vehicle_start_max ||
          vehicle_end_min <= break_start_max) {
        all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br] = -1;
        all_break_variables_[all_break_variables_offset + 2 * br + 1] = -1;
        current_route_break_variables_.push_back(-1);
        current_route_break_variables_.push_back(-1);
        continue;
      }
    }
 
    // Create a constraint for every break, that forces it to be scheduled
    // in exactly one place, i.e. one slack or before/after the route.
    // sum_i break_in_slack_i  == 1.
    const int break_in_one_slack_ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(1, 1);
 
    if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
      // Break can be before route.
      if (break_end_min <= vehicle_start_max) {
        const int ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
            {{lp_cumuls.front(), 1}, {lp_breaks[br].end, -1}});
        const int break_is_before_route = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
        SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
            solver, break_is_before_route,
            absl::StrFormat("break_is_before_route(%ld)", br));
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(ct, break_is_before_route);
        solver->SetCoefficient(break_in_one_slack_ct, break_is_before_route, 1);
      }
      // Break can be after route.
      if (vehicle_end_min <= break_start_max) {
        const int ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
            {{lp_breaks[br].start, 1}, {lp_cumuls.back(), -1}});
        const int break_is_after_route = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
        SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
            solver, break_is_after_route,
            absl::StrFormat("break_is_after_route(%ld)", br));
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(ct, break_is_after_route);
        solver->SetCoefficient(break_in_one_slack_ct, break_is_after_route, 1);
      }
    }
 
    // Add the possibility of fitting the break during each slack where it can.
    for (int pos = 0; pos < path_size - 1; ++pos) {
      // Pass on slacks that cannot start before, cannot end after,
      // or are not long enough to contain the break.
      const int64_t slack_start_min =
          CapAdd(current_route_min_cumuls_[pos], pre_travel[pos]);
      if (slack_start_min > break_start_max) break;
      const int64_t slack_end_max =
          CapSub(current_route_max_cumuls_[pos + 1], post_travel[pos]);
      if (break_end_min > slack_end_max) continue;
      const int64_t slack_duration_max =
          std::min(CapSub(CapSub(current_route_max_cumuls_[pos + 1],
                                 current_route_min_cumuls_[pos]),
                          fixed_transit[pos]),
                   dimension_->SlackVar(path[pos])->Max());
      if (slack_duration_max < break_duration_min) continue;
 
      // Break can fit into slack: make LP variable, add to break and slack
      // constraints.
      // Make a linearized slack lower bound (lazily), that represents
      // sum_br break_duration_min(br) * break_in_slack(br, pos) <=
      // lp_slacks(pos).
      const int break_in_slack = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
          solver, break_in_slack,
          absl::StrFormat("break_in_slack(%ld, %ld)", br, pos));
      if (slack_linear_lower_bound_ct[pos] == -1) {
        slack_linear_lower_bound_ct[pos] = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0, {{lp_slacks[pos], -1}});
      }
      // To keep the model clean
      // (cf. glop::LinearProgram::NotifyThatColumnsAreClean), constraints on
      // break_in_slack need to be in ascending order.
      if (break_in_one_slack_ct < slack_linear_lower_bound_ct[pos]) {
        solver->SetCoefficient(break_in_one_slack_ct, break_in_slack, 1);
        solver->SetCoefficient(slack_linear_lower_bound_ct[pos], break_in_slack,
                               break_duration_min);
      } else {
        solver->SetCoefficient(slack_linear_lower_bound_ct[pos], break_in_slack,
                               break_duration_min);
        solver->SetCoefficient(break_in_one_slack_ct, break_in_slack, 1);
      }
 
      if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
        // Exact relation between breaks, slacks and cumul variables.
        // Make an exact slack lower bound (lazily), that represents
        // sum_br break_duration(br) * break_in_slack(br, pos) <=
        // lp_slacks(pos).
        const int break_duration_in_slack =
            solver->AddVariable(0, slack_duration_max);
        SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
            solver, break_duration_in_slack,
            absl::StrFormat("break_duration_in_slack(%ld, %ld)", br, pos));
        solver->AddProductConstraint(break_duration_in_slack,
                                     {break_in_slack, lp_breaks[br].duration});
        if (slack_exact_lower_bound_ct[pos] == -1) {
          slack_exact_lower_bound_ct[pos] = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
              std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0, {{lp_slacks[pos], -1}});
        }
        solver->SetCoefficient(slack_exact_lower_bound_ct[pos],
                               break_duration_in_slack, 1);
        // If break_in_slack_i == 1, then
        // 1) break_start >= cumul[pos] + pre_travel[pos]
        const int break_start_after_current_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            pre_travel[pos], std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
            {{lp_breaks[br].start, 1}, {lp_cumuls[pos], -1}});
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(break_start_after_current_ct,
                                      break_in_slack);
        // 2) break_end <= cumul[pos+1] - post_travel[pos]
        const int break_ends_before_next_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            post_travel[pos], std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
            {{lp_cumuls[pos + 1], 1}, {lp_breaks[br].end, -1}});
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(break_ends_before_next_ct,
                                      break_in_slack);
      }
    }
  }
 
  for (const auto& distance_duration :
       dimension_->GetBreakDistanceDurationOfVehicle(vehicle)) {
    const int64_t limit = distance_duration.first;
    const int64_t min_break_duration = distance_duration.second;
    int64_t min_num_breaks = 0;
    if (limit > 0) {
      min_num_breaks =
          std::max<int64_t>(0, CapSub(total_fixed_transit, 1) / limit);
    }
    if (CapSub(current_route_min_cumuls_.back(),
               current_route_max_cumuls_.front()) > limit) {
      min_num_breaks = std::max<int64_t>(min_num_breaks, 1);
    }
    if (num_breaks < min_num_breaks) return false;
    if (min_num_breaks == 0) continue;
 
    // Adds an LP relaxation of interbreak constraints.
    // For all 0 <= pl < pr < path_size, for k > 0,
    // if sum_{p in [pl, pr)} fixed_transit[p] > k * limit,
    // then sum_{p in [pl, pr)} slack[p] >= k * min_break_duration.
    //
    // Moreover, if end_min[pr] - start_max[pl] > limit,
    // the sum_{p in [pl, pr)} slack[p] >= min_break_duration.
    //
    // We want to apply the constraints above, without the ones that are
    // dominated:
    // - do not add the same constraint for k' < k, keep the largest k.
    // - do not add the constraint for both (pl', pr') and (pl, pr)
    //   if [pl', pr') is a subset of [pl, pr), keep the smallest interval.
    // TODO(user): reduce the number of constraints further;
    // for instance if the constraint holds for (k, pl, pr) and (k', pl', pr')
    // with pr <= pr', then no need to add the constraint for (k+k', pl, pr').
    //
    // We need fast access to sum_{p in [pl, pr)} fixed_transit[p].
    // This will be sum_transits[pr] - sum_transits[pl]. Note that
    // sum_transits[0] = 0, sum_transits[path_size-1] = total_fixed_transit.
    std::vector<int64_t> sum_transits(path_size);
    {
      sum_transits[0] = 0;
      for (int pos = 1; pos < path_size; ++pos) {
        sum_transits[pos] = sum_transits[pos - 1] + fixed_transit[pos - 1];
      }
    }
    // To add the slack sum constraints, we need slack sum variables.
    // Those are created lazily in a sparse vector, then only those useful
    // variables are linked to slack variables after slack sum constraints
    // have been added.
    std::vector<int> slack_sum_vars(path_size, -1);
    // Given a number of breaks k, an interval of path positions [pl, pr),
    // returns true if the interbreak constraint triggers for k breaks.
    // TODO(user): find tighter end_min/start_max conditions.
    // Mind that a break may be longer than min_break_duration.
    auto trigger = [&](int k, int pl, int pr) -> bool {
      const int64_t r_pre_travel = pr < path_size - 1 ? pre_travel[pr] : 0;
      const int64_t l_post_travel = pl >= 1 ? post_travel[pl - 1] : 0;
      const int64_t extra_travel = CapAdd(r_pre_travel, l_post_travel);
      if (k == 1) {
        const int64_t span_lb = CapAdd(CapSub(current_route_min_cumuls_[pr],
                                              current_route_max_cumuls_[pl]),
                                       extra_travel);
        if (span_lb > limit) return true;
      }
      return CapAdd(CapSub(sum_transits[pr], sum_transits[pl]), extra_travel) >
             CapProd(k, limit);
    };
    int min_sum_var_index = path_size;
    int max_sum_var_index = -1;
    for (int k = 1; k <= min_num_breaks; ++k) {
      int pr = 0;
      for (int pl = 0; pl < path_size - 1; ++pl) {
        pr = std::max(pr, pl + 1);
        // Increase pr until transit(pl, pr) > k * limit.
        while (pr < path_size && !trigger(k, pl, pr)) ++pr;
        if (pr == path_size) break;
        // Reduce [pl, pr) from the left.
        while (pl < pr && trigger(k, pl + 1, pr)) ++pl;
        // If pl == pr, then post_travel[pl-l] + pre_travel[pl] > limit.
        // This is infeasible, because breaks cannot interrupt visits.
        if (pl == pr) return false;
        // If k is the largest for this interval, add the constraint.
        // The call trigger(k', pl, pr) may hold for both k and k+1 with an
        // irreducible interval [pl, pr] when there is a transit > limit at
        // the beginning and at the end of the sub-route.
        if (k < min_num_breaks && trigger(k + 1, pl, pr)) continue;
        // If the solver is CPSAT, experimentation showed that adding slack sum
        // constraints made solves worse than doing nothing, and that adding
        // these lightweight constraints works better.
        if (solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
          // lp_cumuls[pl] + transit(pl, pr) + k * min_break_duration <=
          // lp_cumuls[pr].
          solver->AddLinearConstraint(
              CapAdd(CapSub(sum_transits[pr], sum_transits[pl]),
                     CapProd(k, min_break_duration)),
              kint64max, {{lp_cumuls[pr], 1}, {lp_cumuls[pl], -1}});
        } else {
          if (slack_sum_vars[pl] == -1) {
            slack_sum_vars[pl] = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
            SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, slack_sum_vars[pl],
                                    absl::StrFormat("slack_sum_vars(%ld)", pl));
            min_sum_var_index = std::min(min_sum_var_index, pl);
          }
          if (slack_sum_vars[pr] == -1) {
            slack_sum_vars[pr] = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
            SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, slack_sum_vars[pr],
                                    absl::StrFormat("slack_sum_vars(%ld)", pr));
            max_sum_var_index = std::max(max_sum_var_index, pr);
          }
          // sum_slacks[pr] - sum_slacks[pl] >= k * min_break_duration.
          solver->AddLinearConstraint(
              CapProd(k, min_break_duration), kint64max,
              {{slack_sum_vars[pr], 1}, {slack_sum_vars[pl], -1}});
        }
      }
    }
    if (min_sum_var_index < max_sum_var_index) {
      slack_sum_vars[min_sum_var_index] = solver->AddVariable(0, 0);
      int prev_index = min_sum_var_index;
      for (int pos = min_sum_var_index + 1; pos <= max_sum_var_index; ++pos) {
        if (slack_sum_vars[pos] == -1) continue;
        // slack_sum_var[pos] =
        // slack_sum_var[prev_index] + sum_{p in [prev_index, pos)} slack[p].
        const int ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            0, 0, {{slack_sum_vars[pos], 1}, {slack_sum_vars[prev_index], -1}});
        for (int p = prev_index; p < pos; ++p) {
          solver->SetCoefficient(ct, lp_slacks[p], -1);
        }
        prev_index = pos;
      }
    }
  }
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) return true;
  if (!dimension_->GetBreakDistanceDurationOfVehicle(vehicle).empty()) {
    // If there is an optional interval, the following model would be wrong.
    // TODO(user): support optional intervals.
    for (const IntervalVar* interval :
         dimension_->GetBreakIntervalsOfVehicle(vehicle)) {
      if (!interval->MustBePerformed()) return true;
    }
    // When this feature is used, breaks are in sorted order.
    for (int br = 1; br < num_breaks; ++br) {
      if (lp_breaks[br].start == -1 || lp_breaks[br - 1].start == -1) continue;
      solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
          {{lp_breaks[br - 1].end, -1}, {lp_breaks[br].start, 1}});
    }
  }
  for (const auto& distance_duration :
       dimension_->GetBreakDistanceDurationOfVehicle(vehicle)) {
    const int64_t limit = distance_duration.first;
    const int64_t min_break_duration = distance_duration.second;
    // Interbreak limit constraint: breaks are interpreted as being in sorted
    // order, and the maximum duration between two consecutive
    // breaks of duration more than 'min_break_duration' is 'limit'. This
    // considers the time until start of route and after end of route to be
    // infinite breaks.
    // The model for this constraint adds some 'cover_i' variables, such that
    // the breaks up to i and the start of route allows to go without a break.
    // With s_i the start of break i and e_i its end:
    // - the route start covers time from start to start + limit:
    //   cover_0 = route_start + limit
    // - the coverage up to a given break is the largest of the coverage of the
    //   previous break and if the break is long enough, break end + limit:
    //   cover_{i+1} = max(cover_i,
    //                     e_i - s_i >= min_break_duration ? e_i + limit : -inf)
    // - the coverage of the last break must be at least the route end,
    //   to ensure the time point route_end-1 is covered:
    //   cover_{num_breaks} >= route_end
    // - similarly, time point s_i-1 must be covered by breaks up to i-1,
    //   but only if the cover has not reached the route end.
    //   For instance, a vehicle could have a choice between two days,
    //   with a potential break on day 1 and a potential break on day 2,
    //   but the break of day 1 does not have to cover that of day 2!
    //   cover_{i-1} < route_end => s_i <= cover_{i-1}
    // This is sufficient to ensure that the union of the intervals
    // (-infinity, route_start], [route_end, +infinity) and all
    // [s_i, e_i+limit) where e_i - s_i >= min_break_duration is
    // the whole timeline (-infinity, +infinity).
    int previous_cover = solver->AddVariable(CapAdd(vehicle_start_min, limit),
                                             CapAdd(vehicle_start_max, limit));
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, previous_cover, "previous_cover");
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(limit, limit,
                                {{previous_cover, 1}, {lp_cumuls.front(), -1}});
    for (int br = 0; br < num_breaks; ++br) {
      const LpBreak& lp_break = lp_breaks[br];
      if (lp_break.start == -1) continue;
      const int64_t break_end_min = CapSub(breaks[br]->EndMin(), cumul_offset);
      const int64_t break_end_max = CapSub(breaks[br]->EndMax(), cumul_offset);
      // break_is_eligible <=>
      // break_end - break_start >= break_minimum_duration.
      const int break_is_eligible = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, break_is_eligible,
                              absl::StrFormat("break_is_eligible(%ld)", br));
      const int break_is_not_eligible = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
          solver, break_is_not_eligible,
          absl::StrFormat("break_is_not_eligible(%ld)", br));
      {
        solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            1, 1, {{break_is_eligible, 1}, {break_is_not_eligible, 1}});
        const int positive_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            min_break_duration, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
            {{lp_break.end, 1}, {lp_break.start, -1}});
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(positive_ct, break_is_eligible);
        const int negative_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
            std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), min_break_duration - 1,
            {{lp_break.end, 1}, {lp_break.start, -1}});
        solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(negative_ct, break_is_not_eligible);
      }
      // break_is_eligible => break_cover == break_end + limit.
      // break_is_not_eligible => break_cover == vehicle_start_min + limit.
      // break_cover's initial domain is the smallest interval that contains the
      // union of sets {vehicle_start_min+limit} and
      // [break_end_min+limit, break_end_max+limit).
      const int break_cover = solver->AddVariable(
          CapAdd(std::min(vehicle_start_min, break_end_min), limit),
          CapAdd(std::max(vehicle_start_min, break_end_max), limit));
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, break_cover,
                              absl::StrFormat("break_cover(%ld)", br));
      const int limit_cover_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          limit, limit, {{break_cover, 1}, {lp_break.end, -1}});
      solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(limit_cover_ct, break_is_eligible);
      const int empty_cover_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          CapAdd(vehicle_start_min, limit), CapAdd(vehicle_start_min, limit),
          {{break_cover, 1}});
      solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(empty_cover_ct, break_is_not_eligible);
 
      const int cover =
          solver->AddVariable(CapAdd(vehicle_start_min, limit),
                              std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
      SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, cover, absl::StrFormat("cover(%ld)", br));
      solver->AddMaximumConstraint(cover, {previous_cover, break_cover});
      // Cover chaining. If route end is not covered, break start must be:
      // cover_{i-1} < route_end => s_i <= cover_{i-1}
      const int route_end_is_not_covered = solver->AddReifiedLinearConstraint(
          1, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
          {{lp_cumuls.back(), 1}, {previous_cover, -1}});
      const int break_start_cover_ct = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
          0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
          {{previous_cover, 1}, {lp_break.start, -1}});
      solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(break_start_cover_ct,
                                    route_end_is_not_covered);
 
      previous_cover = cover;
    }
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
                                {{previous_cover, 1}, {lp_cumuls.back(), -1}});
  }
 
  return true;
}  // NOLINT(readability/fn_size)
 
namespace {
bool AllValuesContainedExcept(const IntVar& var, absl::Span<const int> values,
                              const absl::flat_hash_set<int>& ignored_values) {
  for (int val : values) {
    if (!ignored_values.contains(val) && !var.Contains(val)) return false;
  }
  return true;
}
}  // namespace
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetGlobalConstraints(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor, int64_t cumul_offset,
    bool optimize_costs, bool optimize_resource_assignment,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  // Global span cost =
  //     global_span_cost_coefficient * (max_end_cumul - min_start_cumul).
  const int64_t global_span_coeff = dimension_->global_span_cost_coefficient();
  if (optimize_costs && global_span_coeff > 0) {
    // global_span_var = max_end_cumul_ - min_start_cumul_
    const int global_span_var = solver->CreateNewPositiveVariable();
    SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(solver, global_span_var, "global_span_var");
    solver->AddLinearConstraint(
        0, 0,
        {{global_span_var, 1}, {max_end_cumul_, -1}, {min_start_cumul_, 1}});
    // NOTE: Adding the global span cost to the objective as
    // global_span_coeff * global_span_var increases the precision of the solver
    // compared to adding two separate terms global_span_coeff * max_end_cumul
    // and -global_span_coeff * min_start_cumul.
    solver->SetObjectiveCoefficient(global_span_var, global_span_coeff);
  }
 
  // Node precedence constraints, set when both nodes are visited.
  for (const auto [first_node, second_node, offset, performed_constraint] :
       dimension_->GetNodePrecedences()) {
    const int first_cumul_var = index_to_cumul_variable_[first_node];
    const int second_cumul_var = index_to_cumul_variable_[second_node];
    switch (RoutingDimension::GetPrecedenceStatus(
        first_cumul_var < 0, second_cumul_var < 0, performed_constraint)) {
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kActive:
        break;
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kInactive:
      continue;
      case RoutingDimension::PrecedenceStatus::kInvalid:
        return false;
    }
    DCHECK_NE(first_cumul_var, second_cumul_var)
        << "Dimension " << dimension_->name()
        << " has a self-precedence on node " << first_node << ".";
 
    // cumul[second_node] - cumul[first_node] >= offset.
    const int ct = solver->CreateNewConstraint(
        offset, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max());
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, second_cumul_var, 1);
    solver->SetCoefficient(ct, first_cumul_var, -1);
  }
 
  if (optimize_resource_assignment &&
      !SetGlobalConstraintsForResourceAssignment(next_accessor, cumul_offset,
                                                 solver)) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}
 
bool DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetGlobalConstraintsForResourceAssignment(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor, int64_t cumul_offset,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver) {
  if (!solver->IsCPSATSolver()) {
    // The resource attributes conditional constraints can only be added with
    // the CP-SAT MIP solver.
    return true;
  }
 
  using RCIndex = RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex;
  const RoutingModel& model = *dimension_->model();
  const int num_vehicles = model.vehicles();
  const auto& resource_groups = model.GetResourceGroups();
  for (int rg_index : model.GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(dimension_)) {
    // Resource domain constraints:
    // Every (used) vehicle requiring a resource from this group must be
    // assigned to exactly one resource-class in this group, and each
    // resource-class must be assigned to at most #available_resources_in_class
    // vehicles requiring a resource from the group.
    // For every resource-class rc having a resource r with Attributes
    // A = resources[r].attributes(dim) and every vehicle v,
    // assign(rc, v) == 1 -->
    //     A.start_domain.Min() <= cumul[Start(v)] <= A.start_domain.Max()
    // and
    //        A.end_domain.Min() <= cumul[End(v)] <= A.end_domain.Max()
    const ResourceGroup& resource_group = *resource_groups[rg_index];
    DCHECK(!resource_group.GetVehiclesRequiringAResource().empty());
 
    static const int kNoConstraint = RoutingLinearSolverWrapper::kNoConstraint;
    int num_required_resources = 0;
    // Assignment constraints for vehicles: each (used) vehicle must have
    // exactly one resource assigned to it.
    std::vector<int> vehicle_constraints(model.vehicles(), kNoConstraint);
    const int num_resource_classes = resource_group.GetResourceClassesCount();
    std::vector<absl::flat_hash_set<int>>& ignored_resources_per_class =
        resource_class_ignored_resources_per_group_[rg_index];
    ignored_resources_per_class.assign(num_resource_classes, {});
    for (int v : resource_group.GetVehiclesRequiringAResource()) {
      const IntVar& resource_var = *model.ResourceVar(v, rg_index);
      if (model.IsEnd(next_accessor(model.Start(v))) &&
          !model.IsVehicleUsedWhenEmpty(v)) {
        if (resource_var.Bound() && resource_var.Value() >= 0) {
          // Resource var forces this vehicle to be used.
          return false;
        }
        // We don't assign a resource to unused vehicles.
        continue;
      }
      // Vehicle is used.
      if (resource_var.Bound()) {
        const int resource_index = resource_var.Value();
        if (resource_index < 0) {
          // This vehicle is used but has a negative resource enforced.
          return false;
        }
        ignored_resources_per_class
            [resource_group.GetResourceClassIndex(resource_index).value()]
                .insert(resource_index);
        // We add the corresponding domain constraint on the vehicle.
        const int start_index = index_to_cumul_variable_[model.Start(v)];
        const int end_index = index_to_cumul_variable_[model.End(v)];
        if (!TightenStartEndVariableBoundsWithResource(
                *dimension_, resource_group.GetResource(resource_index),
                GetVariableBounds(start_index, *solver), start_index,
                GetVariableBounds(end_index, *solver), end_index, cumul_offset,
                solver)) {
          return false;
        }
        continue;
      }
      num_required_resources++;
      vehicle_constraints[v] = solver->CreateNewConstraint(1, 1);
    }
    // Assignment constraints for resource classes: each resource-class must be
    // assigned to at most #available_resources_in_class (used) vehicles
    // requiring it.
    std::vector<int> resource_class_cstrs(num_resource_classes, kNoConstraint);
    int num_available_resources = 0;
    for (RCIndex rc_index(0); rc_index < num_resource_classes; rc_index++) {
      const ResourceGroup::Attributes& attributes =
          resource_group.GetDimensionAttributesForClass(dimension_, rc_index);
      if (attributes.start_domain().Max() < cumul_offset ||
          attributes.end_domain().Max() < cumul_offset) {
        // This resource's domain has a cumul max lower than the offset, so
        // it's not possible to restrict any vehicle start/end to this domain;
        // skip it.
        continue;
      }
      const int rc = rc_index.value();
      const int num_available_class_resources =
          resource_group.GetResourceIndicesInClass(rc_index).size() -
          ignored_resources_per_class[rc].size();
      DCHECK_GE(num_available_class_resources, 0);
      if (num_available_class_resources > 0) {
        num_available_resources += num_available_class_resources;
        resource_class_cstrs[rc] =
            solver->CreateNewConstraint(0, num_available_class_resources);
      }
    }
 
    if (num_required_resources > num_available_resources) {
      // There aren't enough resources in this group for vehicles requiring
      // one.
      return false;
    }
 
    std::vector<int>& resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars =
        resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_variables_per_group_[rg_index];
    resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars.assign(
        num_resource_classes * num_vehicles, -1);
    // Create assignment variables, add them to the corresponding constraints,
    // and create the reified constraints assign(rc, v) == 1 -->
    // A(r).start_domain.Min() <= cumul[Start(v)] <= A(r).start_domain.Max(),
    // and
    // A(r).end_domain.Min() <= cumul[End(v)] <= A(r).end_domain.Max().
    DCHECK_EQ(resource_group.Index(), rg_index);
    for (int v : resource_group.GetVehiclesRequiringAResource()) {
      if (vehicle_constraints[v] == kNoConstraint) continue;
      IntVar* const resource_var = model.ResourceVar(v, rg_index);
      std::unique_ptr<IntVarIterator> it(
          resource_var->MakeDomainIterator(false));
      std::vector<bool> resource_class_considered(num_resource_classes, false);
      for (int r : InitAndGetValues(it.get())) {
        if (r < 0) continue;
        const RCIndex rc_index = resource_group.GetResourceClassIndex(r);
        const int rc = rc_index.value();
        if (resource_class_considered[rc]) {
          continue;
        }
        resource_class_considered[rc] = true;
        if (resource_class_cstrs[rc] == kNoConstraint) continue;
 
        // NOTE(user): The resource class computation should allow us to
        // catch all incompatibility reasons between vehicles and resources. If
        // the following DCHECK fails, the resource classes should be adapted
        // accordingly.
        DCHECK(AllValuesContainedExcept(
            *resource_var, resource_group.GetResourceIndicesInClass(rc_index),
            ignored_resources_per_class[rc]))
            << DUMP_VARS(v, rg_index,
                         resource_group.GetResourceIndicesInClass(rc_index),
                         resource_var->Min(), resource_var->Max());
 
        const int assign_rc_to_v = solver->AddVariable(0, 1);
        SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME(
            solver, assign_rc_to_v,
            absl::StrFormat("assign_rc_to_v(%ld, %ld)", rc, v));
        resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars[rc * num_vehicles + v] =
            assign_rc_to_v;
        // To keep the model clean
        // (cf. glop::LinearProgram::NotifyThatColumnsAreClean), constraints on
        // assign_rc_to_v need to be in ascending order.
        DCHECK_LT(vehicle_constraints[v], resource_class_cstrs[rc]);
        solver->SetCoefficient(vehicle_constraints[v], assign_rc_to_v, 1);
        solver->SetCoefficient(resource_class_cstrs[rc], assign_rc_to_v, 1);
 
        const auto& add_domain_constraint =
            [&solver, cumul_offset, assign_rc_to_v](const Domain& domain,
                                                    int cumul_variable) {
              if (domain == Domain::AllValues()) {
                return;
              }
              ClosedInterval cumul_bounds;
              if (!GetDomainOffsetBounds(domain, cumul_offset, &cumul_bounds)) {
                // This domain cannot be assigned to this vehicle.
                solver->SetVariableBounds(assign_rc_to_v, 0, 0);
                return;
              }
              const int cumul_constraint = solver->AddLinearConstraint(
                  cumul_bounds.start, cumul_bounds.end, {{cumul_variable, 1}});
              solver->SetEnforcementLiteral(cumul_constraint, assign_rc_to_v);
            };
        const ResourceGroup::Attributes& attributes =
            resource_group.GetDimensionAttributesForClass(dimension_, rc_index);
        add_domain_constraint(attributes.start_domain(),
                              index_to_cumul_variable_[model.Start(v)]);
        add_domain_constraint(attributes.end_domain(),
                              index_to_cumul_variable_[model.End(v)]);
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}
 
#undef SET_DEBUG_VARIABLE_NAME
 
void DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetValuesFromLP(
    absl::Span<const int> lp_variables, int64_t offset,
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver, std::vector<int64_t>* lp_values) const {
  if (lp_values == nullptr) return;
  lp_values->assign(lp_variables.size(), std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min());
  for (int i = 0; i < lp_variables.size(); i++) {
    const int lp_var = lp_variables[i];
    if (lp_var < 0) continue;  // Keep default value, kint64min.
    const double lp_value_double = solver->GetValue(lp_var);
    const int64_t lp_value_int64 =
        (lp_value_double >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())
            ? std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()
            : MathUtil::FastInt64Round(lp_value_double);
    (*lp_values)[i] = CapAdd(lp_value_int64, offset);
  }
}
 
void DimensionCumulOptimizerCore::SetResourceIndices(
    RoutingLinearSolverWrapper* solver,
    std::vector<std::vector<int>>* resource_indices_per_group) const {
  if (resource_indices_per_group == nullptr ||
      resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_variables_per_group_.empty()) {
    return;
  }
  using RCIndex = RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex;
  const RoutingModel& model = *dimension_->model();
  const int num_vehicles = model.vehicles();
  DCHECK(!model.GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(dimension_).empty());
  const auto& resource_groups = model.GetResourceGroups();
  resource_indices_per_group->resize(resource_groups.size());
  for (int rg_index : model.GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(dimension_)) {
    const ResourceGroup& resource_group = *resource_groups[rg_index];
    DCHECK(!resource_group.GetVehiclesRequiringAResource().empty());
 
    const util_intops::StrongVector<RCIndex, std::vector<int>>&
        resource_indices_per_class =
            resource_group.GetResourceIndicesPerClass();
    const int num_resource_classes = resource_group.GetResourceClassesCount();
    std::vector<int> current_resource_pos_for_class(num_resource_classes, 0);
    std::vector<int>& resource_indices =
        resource_indices_per_group->at(rg_index);
    resource_indices.assign(num_vehicles, -1);
    // Find the resource assigned to each vehicle.
    const std::vector<int>& resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars =
        resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_variables_per_group_[rg_index];
    DCHECK_EQ(resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars.size(),
              num_resource_classes * num_vehicles);
    const std::vector<absl::flat_hash_set<int>>& ignored_resources_per_class =
        resource_class_ignored_resources_per_group_[rg_index];
    DCHECK_EQ(ignored_resources_per_class.size(), num_resource_classes);
    for (int v : resource_group.GetVehiclesRequiringAResource()) {
      const IntVar& resource_var = *model.ResourceVar(v, rg_index);
      if (resource_var.Bound()) {
        resource_indices[v] = resource_var.Value();
        continue;
      }
      for (int rc = 0; rc < num_resource_classes; rc++) {
        const int assignment_var =
            resource_class_to_vehicle_assignment_vars[rc * num_vehicles + v];
        if (assignment_var >= 0 && solver->GetValue(assignment_var) == 1) {
          // This resource class is assigned to this vehicle.
          const std::vector<int>& class_resource_indices =
              resource_indices_per_class[RCIndex(rc)];
          int& pos = current_resource_pos_for_class[rc];
          while (ignored_resources_per_class[rc].contains(
              class_resource_indices[pos])) {
            pos++;
            DCHECK_LT(pos, class_resource_indices.size());
          }
          resource_indices[v] = class_resource_indices[pos++];
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
 
// GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer
 
GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer::GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer(
    const RoutingDimension* dimension,
    RoutingSearchParameters::SchedulingSolver solver_type)
    : optimizer_core_(dimension,
                      /*use_precedence_propagator=*/
                      !dimension->GetNodePrecedences().empty()) {
  switch (solver_type) {
    case RoutingSearchParameters::SCHEDULING_GLOP: {
      solver_ = std::make_unique<RoutingGlopWrapper>(
          /*is_relaxation=*/!dimension->model()
              ->GetDimensionResourceGroupIndices(dimension)
              .empty(),
          GetGlopParametersForGlobalLP());
      break;
    }
    case RoutingSearchParameters::SCHEDULING_CP_SAT: {
      solver_ = std::make_unique<RoutingCPSatWrapper>();
      break;
    }
    default:
      LOG(DFATAL) << "Unrecognized solver type: " << solver_type;
  }
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus
GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeCumulCostWithoutFixedTransits(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    int64_t* optimal_cost_without_transits) {
  return optimizer_core_.Optimize(next_accessor, {}, solver_.get(), nullptr,
                                  nullptr, nullptr,
                                  optimal_cost_without_transits, nullptr);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputeCumuls(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::vector<RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo>&
        dimension_travel_info_per_route,
    std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_cumuls, std::vector<int64_t>* optimal_breaks,
    std::vector<std::vector<int>>* optimal_resource_indices) {
  return optimizer_core_.Optimize(next_accessor,
                                  dimension_travel_info_per_route,
                                  solver_.get(), optimal_cumuls, optimal_breaks,
                                  optimal_resource_indices, nullptr, nullptr);
}
 
DimensionSchedulingStatus GlobalDimensionCumulOptimizer::ComputePackedCumuls(
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::vector<RoutingModel::RouteDimensionTravelInfo>&
        dimension_travel_info_per_route,
    std::vector<int64_t>* packed_cumuls, std::vector<int64_t>* packed_breaks) {
  return optimizer_core_.OptimizeAndPack(
      next_accessor, dimension_travel_info_per_route, solver_.get(),
      packed_cumuls, packed_breaks);
}
 
namespace {
 
template <typename T>
void MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(std::vector<T>* out_values,
                             absl::Span<const int> out_indices_to_evaluate,
                             const std::function<int(int)>& index_evaluator,
                             std::vector<T>& values_to_copy) {
  if (out_values == nullptr) {
    DCHECK(values_to_copy.empty());
    return;
  }
  DCHECK_EQ(values_to_copy.size(), out_indices_to_evaluate.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < out_indices_to_evaluate.size(); i++) {
    const int output_index = index_evaluator(out_indices_to_evaluate[i]);
    DCHECK_LT(output_index, out_values->size());
    out_values->at(output_index) = std::move(values_to_copy[i]);
  }
}
 
}  // namespace
 
bool ComputeVehicleToResourceClassAssignmentCosts(
    int v, double solve_duration_ratio,
    const RoutingModel::ResourceGroup& resource_group,
    const util_intops::StrongVector<RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex,
                                    absl::flat_hash_set<int>>&
        ignored_resources_per_class,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t)>& next_accessor,
    const std::function<int64_t(int64_t, int64_t)>& transit_accessor,
    bool optimize_vehicle_costs, LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer* lp_optimizer,
    LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer* mp_optimizer,
    std::vector<int64_t>* assignment_costs,
    std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* cumul_values,
    std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>>* break_values) {
  DCHECK_GT(solve_duration_ratio, 0);
  DCHECK_LE(solve_duration_ratio, 1);
  DCHECK(lp_optimizer != nullptr);
  DCHECK(mp_optimizer != nullptr);
  DCHECK_NE(assignment_costs, nullptr);
  assignment_costs->clear();
  ClearIfNonNull(cumul_values);
  ClearIfNonNull(break_values);
 
  const RoutingDimension* dimension = lp_optimizer->dimension();
  DCHECK_EQ(dimension, mp_optimizer->dimension());
  RoutingModel* const model = dimension->model();
  if (!resource_group.VehicleRequiresAResource(v) ||
      (!model->IsVehicleUsedWhenEmpty(v) &&
       next_accessor(model->Start(v)) == model->End(v))) {
    return true;
  }
  if (model->CheckLimit()) {
    // The model's time limit has been reached, stop everything.
    return false;
  }
 
  IntVar* const resource_var = model->ResourceVar(v, resource_group.Index());
  const int num_resource_classes = resource_group.GetResourceClassesCount();
  std::vector<int> considered_resource_indices;
  considered_resource_indices.reserve(
      std::min<int>(resource_var->Size(), num_resource_classes));
  std::vector<bool> resource_class_considered(num_resource_classes, false);
  std::unique_ptr<IntVarIterator> it(resource_var->MakeDomainIterator(false));
  for (const int res : InitAndGetValues(it.get())) {
    if (res < 0) {
      continue;
    }
    const RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex resource_class =
        resource_group.GetResourceClassIndex(res);
    const int rc_index = resource_class.value();
    const absl::flat_hash_set<int>& ignored_resources =
        ignored_resources_per_class[resource_class];
    if (resource_class_considered[rc_index] ||
        ignored_resources.contains(res)) {
      continue;
    }
    resource_class_considered[rc_index] = true;
    // NOTE(user): The resource class computation should allow us to catch
    // all incompatibility reasons between vehicles and resources. If the
    // following DCHECK fails, the resource classes should be adapted
    // accordingly.
    DCHECK(AllValuesContainedExcept(
        *resource_var, resource_group.GetResourceIndicesInClass(resource_class),
        ignored_resources));
    considered_resource_indices.push_back(res);
  }
  const bool use_mp_optimizer =
      dimension->HasBreakConstraints() &&
      !dimension->GetBreakIntervalsOfVehicle(v).empty();
  LocalDimensionCumulOptimizer* optimizer =
      use_mp_optimizer ? mp_optimizer : lp_optimizer;
 
  const std::vector<ResourceGroup::Resource>& resources =
      resource_group.GetResources();
  std::vector<int64_t> considered_assignment_costs;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> considered_cumul_values;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> considered_break_values;
  std::vector<DimensionSchedulingStatus> statuses =
      optimizer->ComputeRouteCumulCostsForResourcesWithoutFixedTransits(
          v, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, transit_accessor, resources,
          considered_resource_indices, optimize_vehicle_costs,
          &considered_assignment_costs,
          cumul_values == nullptr ? nullptr : &considered_cumul_values,
          break_values == nullptr ? nullptr : &considered_break_values);
 
  if (statuses.empty() ||
      (statuses.size() == 1 &&
       statuses[0] == DimensionSchedulingStatus::INFEASIBLE)) {
    // Couldn't assign any resource to this vehicle.
    return false;
  }
 
  assignment_costs->resize(num_resource_classes, -1);
  if (cumul_values != nullptr) {
    cumul_values->resize(num_resource_classes, {});
  }
  if (break_values != nullptr) {
    break_values->resize(num_resource_classes, {});
  }
 
  const auto resource_to_class_index = [&resource_group](int resource_index) {
    return resource_group.GetResourceClassIndex(resource_index).value();
  };
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(assignment_costs, considered_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, considered_assignment_costs);
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(cumul_values, considered_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, considered_cumul_values);
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(break_values, considered_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, considered_break_values);
 
  if (use_mp_optimizer) {
    // We already used the mp optimizer, so we don't need to recompute anything.
    // If all assignment costs are negative, it means no resource is feasible
    // for this vehicle.
    return absl::c_any_of(*assignment_costs,
                          [](int64_t cost) { return cost >= 0; });
  }
 
  std::vector<int> mp_resource_indices;
  DCHECK_EQ(statuses.size(), considered_resource_indices.size());
  for (int i = 0; i < considered_resource_indices.size(); i++) {
    if (statuses[i] == DimensionSchedulingStatus::RELAXED_OPTIMAL_ONLY) {
      mp_resource_indices.push_back(considered_resource_indices[i]);
    }
  }
 
  std::vector<int64_t> mp_assignment_costs;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> mp_cumul_values;
  std::vector<std::vector<int64_t>> mp_break_values;
  mp_optimizer->ComputeRouteCumulCostsForResourcesWithoutFixedTransits(
      v, solve_duration_ratio, next_accessor, transit_accessor, resources,
      mp_resource_indices, optimize_vehicle_costs, &mp_assignment_costs,
      cumul_values == nullptr ? nullptr : &mp_cumul_values,
      break_values == nullptr ? nullptr : &mp_break_values);
  if (!mp_resource_indices.empty() && mp_assignment_costs.empty()) {
    // A timeout was reached during optimization.
    return false;
  }
 
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(assignment_costs, mp_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, mp_assignment_costs);
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(cumul_values, mp_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, mp_cumul_values);
  MoveValuesToIndicesFrom(break_values, mp_resource_indices,
                          resource_to_class_index, mp_break_values);
 
  return absl::c_any_of(*assignment_costs,
                        [](int64_t cost) { return cost >= 0; });
}
 
int64_t ComputeBestVehicleToResourceAssignment(
    absl::Span<const int> vehicles,
    const util_intops::StrongVector<RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex,
                                    std::vector<int>>&
        resource_indices_per_class,
    const util_intops::StrongVector<RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex,
                                    absl::flat_hash_set<int>>&
        ignored_resources_per_class,
    std::function<const std::vector<int64_t>*(int)>
        vehicle_to_resource_class_assignment_costs,
    std::vector<int>* resource_indices) {
  const int total_num_resources = absl::c_accumulate(
      resource_indices_per_class, 0,
      [](int acc, absl::Span<const int> res) { return acc + res.size(); });
  DCHECK_GE(total_num_resources, 1);
  const int num_ignored_resources =
      absl::c_accumulate(ignored_resources_per_class, 0,
                         [](int acc, const absl::flat_hash_set<int>& res) {
                           return acc + res.size();
                         });
  const int num_resources = total_num_resources - num_ignored_resources;
  const int num_vehicles = vehicles.size();
  int num_total_vehicles = -1;
  if (resource_indices != nullptr) {
    num_total_vehicles = resource_indices->size();
    // When returning infeasible, 'resource_indices' must be cleared, so we do
    // it here preemptively.
    resource_indices->clear();
    DCHECK_GE(num_total_vehicles, num_vehicles);
    for (int v : vehicles) {
      DCHECK_GE(v, 0);
      DCHECK_LT(v, num_total_vehicles);
    }
  }
 
  // Collect vehicle_to_resource_class_assignment_costs(v) for all v ∈ vehicles.
  // Then detect trivial infeasibility cases, before doing the min-cost-flow:
  // - There are not enough resources overall.
  // - There is no resource assignable to a vehicle that needs one.
  const int num_resource_classes = resource_indices_per_class.size();
  std::vector<const std::vector<int64_t>*> vi_to_rc_cost(num_vehicles);
  int num_vehicles_to_assign = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_vehicles; ++i) {
    vi_to_rc_cost[i] = vehicle_to_resource_class_assignment_costs(vehicles[i]);
    if (!vi_to_rc_cost[i]->empty()) {
      DCHECK_EQ(vi_to_rc_cost[i]->size(), num_resource_classes);
      ++num_vehicles_to_assign;
    }
  }
  if (num_vehicles_to_assign > num_resources) {
    VLOG(3) << "Less resources (" << num_resources << ") than the vehicles"
            << " requiring one (" << num_vehicles_to_assign << ")";
    return -1;  // Infeasible.
  }
  // Catch infeasibility cases where
  // ComputeVehicleToResourceClassAssignmentCosts() hasn't "properly"
  // initialized the vehicle to resource class assignment costs (this can happen
  // for instance in the ResourceGroupAssignmentFilter when routes are
  // synchronized with an impossible first solution).
  for (int i = 0; i < num_vehicles; ++i) {
    if (!vi_to_rc_cost[i]->empty() &&
        *absl::c_max_element(*vi_to_rc_cost[i]) < 0) {
      VLOG(3) << "Vehicle #" << vehicles[i] << " has no feasible resource";
      return -1;
    }
  }
 
  // We may need to apply some cost scaling when using SimpleMinCostFlow.
  // With our graph it seems having 4 * max_arc_cost * num_nodes ≤ kint64max is
  // sufficient. To do that, we first find the maximum arc cost.
  int64_t max_arc_cost = 0;
  for (const std::vector<int64_t>* costs : vi_to_rc_cost) {
    if (costs->empty()) continue;
    max_arc_cost = std::max(max_arc_cost, *absl::c_max_element(*costs));
  }
  // To avoid potential int64_t overflows, we slightly tweak the above formula.
  // NOTE(user): SimpleMinCostFlow always adds a sink and source node (we
  // probably shouldn't add a sink/source node ourselves in the graph).
  const int real_num_nodes = 4 + num_vehicles + num_resource_classes;
  const int64_t max_acceptable_arc_cost = kint64max / (4 * real_num_nodes) - 1;
  // We use a power of 2 for the cost scaling factor, to have clean (in)accuracy
  // properties. Note also that we must round *down* the costs.
  int cost_right_shift = 0;
  while ((max_arc_cost >> cost_right_shift) > max_acceptable_arc_cost) {
    ++cost_right_shift;
  }
 
  // Then, we create the SimpleMinCostFlow and run the assignment algorithm.
  // NOTE(user): We often don't create as many arcs as outlined below,
  // especially when num_vehicles_to_assign < vehicles.size(). But since we
  // want to eventually make this whole function incremental, we prefer sticking
  // with the whole 'vehicles' set.
  SimpleMinCostFlow flow(
      /*reserve_num_nodes*/ 2 + num_vehicles + num_resource_classes,
      /*reserve_num_arcs*/ num_vehicles + num_vehicles * num_resource_classes +
          num_resource_classes);
  using ArcIndex = SimpleMinCostFlow::ArcIndex;
  const int source_index = num_vehicles + num_resource_classes;
  const int sink_index = source_index + 1;
  const auto flow_rc_index = [num_vehicles](int rc) {
    return num_vehicles + rc;
  };
 
  // Used to store the arc indices, if we need to later recover the solution.
  FlatMatrix<ArcIndex> vehicle_to_rc_arc_index;
  if (resource_indices != nullptr) {
    vehicle_to_rc_arc_index =
        FlatMatrix<ArcIndex>(num_vehicles, num_resource_classes, -1);
  }
  for (int vi = 0; vi < num_vehicles; ++vi) {
    const std::vector<int64_t>& assignment_costs = *vi_to_rc_cost[vi];
    if (assignment_costs.empty()) continue;  // Doesn't need resources.
 
    // Add a source → vehicle arc to the min-cost-flow graph.
    flow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(source_index, vi, 1, 0);
 
    // Add vehicle → resource-class arcs to the min-cost-flow graph.
    for (int rc = 0; rc < num_resource_classes; rc++) {
      const int64_t assignment_cost = assignment_costs[rc];
      if (assignment_cost < 0) continue;
      const ArcIndex arc = flow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(
          vi, flow_rc_index(rc), 1, assignment_cost >> cost_right_shift);
      if (resource_indices != nullptr) {
        vehicle_to_rc_arc_index[vi][rc] = arc;
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Add resource-class->sink arcs to the flow. The capacity on these arcs is
  // the number of available resources for the corresponding class.
  using RCIndex = RoutingModel::ResourceClassIndex;
  for (int rc = 0; rc < num_resource_classes; rc++) {
    const RCIndex rci(rc);
    const int num_available_res = resource_indices_per_class[rci].size() -
                                  ignored_resources_per_class[rci].size();
    DCHECK_GE(num_available_res, 0);
    flow.AddArcWithCapacityAndUnitCost(flow_rc_index(rc), sink_index,
                                       num_available_res, 0);
  }
 
  // Set the flow supply.
  flow.SetNodeSupply(source_index, num_vehicles_to_assign);
  flow.SetNodeSupply(sink_index, -num_vehicles_to_assign);
 
  // Solve the min-cost flow and return its cost.
  if (flow.Solve() != SimpleMinCostFlow::OPTIMAL) {
    VLOG(3) << "Non-OPTIMAL flow result";
    return -1;
  }
 
  if (resource_indices != nullptr) {
    // Fill the resource indices corresponding to the min-cost assignment.
    resource_indices->assign(num_total_vehicles, -1);
    std::vector<int> current_resource_pos_for_class(num_resource_classes, 0);
    for (int vi = 0; vi < num_vehicles; ++vi) {
      if (vi_to_rc_cost[vi]->empty()) {
        // No resource needed for this vehicle.
        continue;
      }
      for (int rc = 0; rc < num_resource_classes; rc++) {
        const ArcIndex arc = vehicle_to_rc_arc_index[vi][rc];
        if (arc >= 0 && flow.Flow(arc) > 0) {
          const RCIndex rci(rc);
          const std::vector<int>& class_resource_indices =
              resource_indices_per_class[rci];
          const absl::flat_hash_set<int>& ignored_resources =
              ignored_resources_per_class[rci];
          int& pos = current_resource_pos_for_class[rc];
          DCHECK_LT(pos, class_resource_indices.size());
          while (ignored_resources.contains(class_resource_indices[pos])) {
            pos++;
            DCHECK_LT(pos, class_resource_indices.size());
          }
          resource_indices->at(vehicles[vi]) = class_resource_indices[pos++];
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  const int64_t cost = flow.OptimalCost();
  DCHECK_LE(cost, kint64max >> cost_right_shift);
  return cost << cost_right_shift;
}
 
std::string Int64ToStr(int64_t number) {
  if (number == kint64min) return "-infty";
  if (number == kint64max) return "+infty";
  return std::to_string(number);
}
 
std::string DomainToString(
    const ::google::protobuf::RepeatedField<int64_t>* domain) {
  if (domain->size() > 2 && domain->size() % 2 == 0) {
    std::string s = "∈ ";
    for (int i = 0; i < domain->size(); i += 2) {
      s += absl::StrFormat("[%s, %s]", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(i)),
                           Int64ToStr(domain->Get(i + 1)));
      if (i < domain->size() - 2) s += " ∪ ";
    }
    return s;
  } else if (domain->size() == 2) {
    if (domain->Get(0) == domain->Get(1)) {
      return absl::StrFormat("= %s", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(0)));
    } else if (domain->Get(0) == 0 && domain->Get(1) == 1) {
      return "∈ Binary";
    } else if (domain->Get(0) == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min() &&
               domain->Get(1) == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      return "∈ ℝ";
    } else if (domain->Get(0) == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min()) {
      return absl::StrFormat("≤ %s", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(1)));
    } else if (domain->Get(1) == std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) {
      return absl::StrFormat("≥ %s", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(0)));
    }
    return absl::StrFormat("∈ [%ls, %s]", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(0)),
                           Int64ToStr(domain->Get(1)));
  } else if (domain->size() == 1) {
    return absl::StrFormat("= %s", Int64ToStr(domain->Get(0)));
  } else {
    return absl::StrFormat("∈ Unknown domain (size=%ld)", domain->size());
  }
}
 
std::string VariableToString(
    std::pair<sat::IntegerVariableProto, int>& variable_pair,
    const sat::CpSolverResponse& response_) {
  std::string s = "";
  sat::IntegerVariableProto& variable = variable_pair.first;
  const int index = variable_pair.second;
  if (response_.IsInitialized() && variable.IsInitialized() &&
      (response_.status() == sat::CpSolverStatus::OPTIMAL ||
       response_.status() == sat::CpSolverStatus::FEASIBLE)) {
    const double lp_value_double = response_.solution(index);
    const int64_t lp_value_int64 =
        (lp_value_double >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max())
            ? std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()
            : MathUtil::FastInt64Round(lp_value_double);
    s += Int64ToStr(lp_value_int64) + " ";
  } else {
    s += "? ";
  }
  s += DomainToString(variable.mutable_domain());
  return s;
}
 
std::string ConstraintToString(const sat::ConstraintProto& constraint,
                               const sat::CpModelProto& model_,
                               bool show_enforcement = true) {
  std::string s = "";
  if (constraint.has_linear()) {
    const auto& linear = constraint.linear();
    for (int j = 0; j < linear.vars().size(); ++j) {
      const std::string sign = linear.coeffs(j) > 0 ? "+" : "-";
      const std::string mult =
          std::abs(linear.coeffs(j)) != 1
              ? std::to_string(std::abs(linear.coeffs(j))) + " * "
              : "";
      if (j > 0 || sign != "+") s += sign + " ";
      s += mult + model_.variables(linear.vars(j)).name() + " ";
    }
    s += DomainToString(&linear.domain());
 
    // Enforcement literal.
    if (show_enforcement) {
      for (int j = 0; j < constraint.enforcement_literal_size(); ++j) {
        s += (j == 0) ? "\t if " : " and ";
        s += model_.variables(constraint.enforcement_literal(j)).name();
      }
    }
  } else {
    s += ProtobufShortDebugString(constraint);
  }
  return s;
}
 
std::string VariablesToString(
    absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, std::pair<sat::IntegerVariableProto, int>>&
        variables,
    absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, std::vector<int>>& variable_instances,
    absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, absl::flat_hash_set<std::string>>&
        variable_childs,
    const sat::CpSolverResponse& response_, absl::string_view variable,
    std::string prefix = "") {
  if (variable.empty()) {
    std::string s = "";
    const auto& childs = variable_childs[""];
    for (const std::string& child : childs) {
      s += prefix +
           VariablesToString(variables, variable_instances, variable_childs,
                             response_, child, prefix) +
           prefix + "\n";
    }
    return s;
  }
 
  const auto& instances = variable_instances[variable];
  std::string variable_display(variable);
  std::size_t bracket_pos = variable.find_last_of(')');
  if (bracket_pos != std::string::npos) {
    variable_display = variable.substr(bracket_pos + 1);
  }
  std::string s = variable_display + " | ";
  prefix += std::string(variable_display.length(), ' ') + " | ";
  for (int i = 0; i < instances.size(); ++i) {
    const std::string instance_name =
        absl::StrFormat("%s(%ld)", variable, instances[i]);
    if (i > 0) s += prefix;
    s += absl::StrFormat("%ld: %s", instances[i],
                         VariableToString(variables[instance_name], response_));
 
    // Childs
    const auto& childs = variable_childs[instance_name];
    for (const std::string& child : childs) {
      s += "\n" + prefix + "| ";
      s += VariablesToString(variables, variable_instances, variable_childs,
                             response_, child, prefix + "| ");
    }
    if (childs.empty()) s += "\n";
  }
  return s;
}
 
std::string RoutingCPSatWrapper::PrintModel() const {
  // Constraints you want to separate.
  std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> constraints_apart;
  constraints_apart.push_back(
      {"compression_cost", "travel_compression_absolute"});
 
  // variable_instances links the lemma of a variable to the different number of
  // instantiation. For instance if you have in your model x(0), x(1) and x(4),
  // the key "x" will be associated to {0,1,4}.
  absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, std::vector<int>> variable_instances;
  // variable_children links a variable to its children. That is, if you have in
  // you model x(0), then typical childs would be {"x(0)in_segment(0)",
  // "x(0)in_segment(1)", "x(0)scaled", ...}
  absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, absl::flat_hash_set<std::string>>
      variable_children;
  // variables link the name of a variable to its Proto.
  absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, std::pair<sat::IntegerVariableProto, int>>
      variables;
  variable_children[""] = {};
 
  const int num_constraints = model_.constraints_size();
  const int num_variables = model_.variables_size();
  int num_binary_variables = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_variables; ++i) {
    const auto& variable = model_.variables(i);
    const auto& name = variable.name();
    const int pos_bracket = name.find_last_of('(');
    if (pos_bracket != std::string::npos) {
      const std::string lemma = name.substr(0, pos_bracket);
      const int pos_closing_bracket = name.find_last_of(')');
      CHECK_NE(pos_closing_bracket, std::string::npos);
      const int index =
          std::stoi(name.substr(pos_bracket + 1, pos_closing_bracket));
      std::vector<int>* instances = gtl::FindOrNull(variable_instances, lemma);
      if (instances != nullptr) {
        instances->push_back(index);
      } else {
        variable_instances[lemma] = {index};
      }
      variable_children[name] = {};
 
      std::string parent = "";
      const int pos_parent_closing_bracket = lemma.find_last_of(')');
      if (pos_parent_closing_bracket != std::string::npos) {
        parent = lemma.substr(0, pos_parent_closing_bracket + 1);
      }
      variable_children[parent].emplace(lemma);
      variables[name] = std::make_pair(variable, i);
      if (variable.domain(0) == 0 & variable.domain(1) == 1) {
        ++num_binary_variables;
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Preparing constraints
  // the constraints hashmap associate enforcement to constraints.
  // If the ket is "", then the constraint has no enforcement and if the key is
  // "multiple", then the constraint has several enforcement. If the constraint
  // has a single enforcement, then the key will be the variable name of the
  // enforcement.
  absl::flat_hash_map<std::string, std::vector<sat::ConstraintProto>>
      constraints;
  absl::flat_hash_map<std::vector<std::string>,
                      std::vector<sat::ConstraintProto>>
      constraint_groups;
  for (int i = 0; i < num_constraints; ++i) {
    const auto& constraint = model_.constraints(i);
    std::string enforcement = "";
    if (constraint.enforcement_literal_size() == 1) {
      enforcement = model_.variables(constraint.enforcement_literal(0)).name();
    } else if (constraint.enforcement_literal_size() > 1) {
      enforcement = "multiple";
    } else {
      if (constraint.has_linear()) {
        const auto& linear = constraint.linear();
        std::vector<std::string> key;
        for (int j = 0; j < linear.vars().size(); ++j) {
          std::string var_name = model_.variables(linear.vars(j)).name();
          std::string lemma = var_name.substr(0, var_name.find_last_of('('));
          key.push_back(lemma);
        }
        auto* constraint_group = gtl::FindOrNull(constraint_groups, key);
        if (constraint_group != nullptr) {
          constraint_group->push_back(constraint);
        } else {
          constraint_groups[key] = {constraint};
        }
      }
    }
    auto* constraints_enforced = gtl::FindOrNull(constraints, enforcement);
    if (constraints_enforced != nullptr) {
      constraints[enforcement].push_back(constraint);
    } else {
      constraints[enforcement] = {constraint};
    }
  }
 
  const std::string prefix_constraint = "  • ";
  std::string s = "Using RoutingCPSatWrapper.\n";
  s += absl::StrFormat("\nObjective = %f\n", this->GetObjectiveValue());
 
  for (int i = 0; i < objective_coefficients_.size(); ++i) {
    double coeff = objective_coefficients_[i];
    if (coeff != 0) {
      s += absl::StrFormat("  | %f * %s\n", coeff, model_.variables(i).name());
    }
  }
 
  s += absl::StrFormat("\nVariables %d (%d Binary - %d Non Binary)\n",
                       num_variables, num_binary_variables,
                       num_variables - num_binary_variables);
  s += VariablesToString(variables, variable_instances, variable_children,
                         response_, "", "  | ");
  s += absl::StrFormat("\n\nConstraints (%d)\n", num_constraints);
 
  // Constraints NOT enforced
  s += "\n- Not enforced\n";
  bool at_least_one_not_enforced = false;
  for (const auto& pair : constraint_groups) {
    if (!std::count(constraints_apart.begin(), constraints_apart.end(),
                    pair.first)) {
      for (const auto& constraint : pair.second) {
        s += prefix_constraint + ConstraintToString(constraint, model_, true) +
             "\n";
        at_least_one_not_enforced = true;
      }
    }
  }
  if (!at_least_one_not_enforced) {
    s += prefix_constraint + "None\n";
  }
 
  // Constraints with a SINGLE enforcement
  s += "\n- Single enforcement\n";
  bool at_least_one_single_enforced = false;
  for (const auto& pair : variable_instances) {
    const std::string lemma = pair.first;
    bool found_one_constraint = false;
    std::string prefix = "";
    for (int instance : pair.second) {
      const std::string enforcement =
          absl::StrFormat("%s(%d)", lemma, instance);
      auto* constraints_enforced = gtl::FindOrNull(constraints, enforcement);
      std::string prefix_instance = "";
      if (constraints_enforced != nullptr) {
        at_least_one_single_enforced = true;
        if (!found_one_constraint) {
          found_one_constraint = true;
          s += prefix_constraint + "if " + lemma + " | ";
          prefix =
              std::string(prefix_constraint.size() + 1 + lemma.size(), ' ') +
              " | ";
        } else {
          s += prefix;
        }
        s += absl::StrFormat("%d: | ", instance);
        prefix_instance = prefix + "   | ";
        bool first = true;
        for (const auto& constraint : *constraints_enforced) {
          if (!first)
            s += prefix_instance;
          else
            first = false;
          s += ConstraintToString(constraint, model_, false) + "\n";
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (!at_least_one_single_enforced) {
    s += prefix_constraint + "None\n";
  }
 
  // Constraints with MULTIPLE enforcement
  s += "\n- Multiple enforcement\n";
  auto* constraints_multiple_enforced =
      gtl::FindOrNull(constraints, "multiple");
  if (constraints_multiple_enforced != nullptr) {
    for (const auto& constraint : *constraints_multiple_enforced) {
      s += prefix_constraint + ConstraintToString(constraint, model_, true) +
           "\n";
    }
  } else {
    s += prefix_constraint + "None\n";
  }
 
  // Constraints apart
  s += "\n- Set apart\n";
  bool at_least_one_apart = false;
  for (const auto& pair : constraint_groups) {
    if (std::count(constraints_apart.begin(), constraints_apart.end(),
                   pair.first)) {
      for (const auto& constraint : pair.second) {
        s += prefix_constraint + ConstraintToString(constraint, model_, true) +
             "\n";
        at_least_one_apart = true;
      }
    }
  }
  if (!at_least_one_apart) {
    s += prefix_constraint + "None\n";
  }
 
  return s;
}
 
}  // namespace operations_research