rank_one_update.h

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// Copyright 2010-2025 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
#ifndef ORTOOLS_GLOP_RANK_ONE_UPDATE_H_
#define ORTOOLS_GLOP_RANK_ONE_UPDATE_H_
 
#include <vector>
 
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/lp_types.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/lp_utils.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/scattered_vector.h"
#include "ortools/lp_data/sparse.h"
 
namespace operations_research {
namespace glop {
 
// This class holds a matrix of the form T = I + u.Tr(v) where I is the
// identity matrix and u and v are two column vectors of the same size as I. It
// allows for efficient left and right solves with T. When T is non-singular,
// it is easy to show that T^{-1} = I - 1 / mu * u.Tr(v) where
// mu = 1.0 + Tr(v).u
//
// Note that when v is a unit vector, T is a regular Eta matrix and when u
// is a unit vector, T is a row-wise Eta matrix.
//
// This is based on section 3.1 of:
// Qi Huangfu, J. A. Julian Hall, "Novel update techniques for the revised
// simplex method", 28 january 2013, Technical Report ERGO-13-0001
class RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix {
 public:
  // Rather than copying the vectors u and v, RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix
  // takes two columns of a provided CompactSparseMatrix which is used for
  // storage. This has a couple of advantages, especially in the context of the
  // RankOneUpdateFactorization below:
  // - It uses less overall memory (and avoid allocation overhead).
  // - It has a better cache behavior for the RankOneUpdateFactorization solves.
  RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix(const CompactSparseMatrix* storage,
                                ColIndex u_index, ColIndex v_index,
                                Fractional u_dot_v)
      : storage_(storage),
        u_index_(u_index),
        v_index_(v_index),
        mu_(1.0 + u_dot_v) {}
 
  // Returns whether or not this matrix is singular.
  // Note that the RightSolve() and LeftSolve() function will fail if this is
  // the case.
  bool IsSingular() const { return mu_ == 0.0; }
 
  // Solves T.x = rhs with rhs initialy in x (a column vector).
  // The non-zeros version keeps track of the new non-zeros.
  void RightSolve(DenseColumn* x) const {
    DCHECK(!IsSingular());
    const Fractional multiplier =
        -storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(v_index_, Transpose(*x)) / mu_;
    storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToDenseColumn(u_index_, multiplier, x);
  }
  void RightSolveWithNonZeros(ScatteredColumn* x) const {
    DCHECK(!IsSingular());
    const Fractional multiplier =
        -storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(v_index_, Transpose(x->values)) / mu_;
    if (multiplier != 0.0) {
      storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToSparseScatteredColumn(u_index_, multiplier,
                                                         x);
    }
  }
 
  // Solves y.T = rhs with rhs initialy in y (a row vector).
  // The non-zeros version keeps track of the new non-zeros.
  void LeftSolve(DenseRow* y) const {
    DCHECK(!IsSingular());
    const Fractional multiplier =
        -storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(u_index_, *y) / mu_;
    storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToDenseColumn(v_index_, multiplier,
                                             reinterpret_cast<DenseColumn*>(y));
  }
  void LeftSolveWithNonZeros(ScatteredRow* y) const {
    DCHECK(!IsSingular());
    const Fractional multiplier =
        -storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(u_index_, y->values) / mu_;
    if (multiplier != 0.0) {
      storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToSparseScatteredColumn(
          v_index_, multiplier, reinterpret_cast<ScatteredColumn*>(y));
    }
  }
 
  // Computes T.x for a given column vector.
  void RightMultiply(DenseColumn* x) const {
    const Fractional multiplier =
        storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(v_index_, Transpose(*x));
    storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToDenseColumn(u_index_, multiplier, x);
  }
 
  // Computes y.T for a given row vector.
  void LeftMultiply(DenseRow* y) const {
    const Fractional multiplier = storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(u_index_, *y);
    storage_->ColumnAddMultipleToDenseColumn(v_index_, multiplier,
                                             reinterpret_cast<DenseColumn*>(y));
  }
 
  EntryIndex num_entries() const {
    return storage_->column(u_index_).num_entries() +
           storage_->column(v_index_).num_entries();
  }
 
 private:
  // This is only used in debug mode.
  Fractional ComputeUScalarV() const {
    DenseColumn dense_u;
    storage_->ColumnCopyToDenseColumn(u_index_, &dense_u);
    return storage_->ColumnScalarProduct(v_index_, Transpose(dense_u));
  }
 
  // Note that we allow copy and assignment so we can store a
  // RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix in an STL container.
  const CompactSparseMatrix* storage_;
  ColIndex u_index_;
  ColIndex v_index_;
  Fractional mu_;
};
 
// A rank one update factorization corresponds to the product of k rank one
// update elementary matrices, i.e. T = T_0.T_1. ... .T_{k-1}
class RankOneUpdateFactorization {
 public:
  // TODO(user): make the 5% a parameter and share it between all the places
  // that switch between a sparse/dense version.
  RankOneUpdateFactorization() : hypersparse_ratio_(0.05) {}
 
  // This type is neither copyable nor movable.
  RankOneUpdateFactorization(const RankOneUpdateFactorization&) = delete;
  RankOneUpdateFactorization& operator=(const RankOneUpdateFactorization&) =
      delete;
 
  // This is currently only visible for testing.
  void set_hypersparse_ratio(double value) { hypersparse_ratio_ = value; }
 
  // Deletes all elementary matrices of this factorization.
  void Clear() {
    elementary_matrices_.clear();
    num_entries_ = 0;
  }
 
  // Updates the factorization.
  void Update(const RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix& update_matrix) {
    elementary_matrices_.push_back(update_matrix);
    num_entries_ += update_matrix.num_entries();
  }
 
  // Left-solves all systems from right to left, i.e. y_i = y_{i+1}.(T_i)^{-1}
  void LeftSolve(DenseRow* y) const {
    RETURN_IF_NULL(y);
    for (int i = elementary_matrices_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      elementary_matrices_[i].LeftSolve(y);
    }
    dtime_ += DeterministicTimeForFpOperations(num_entries_.value());
  }
 
  // Same as LeftSolve(), but if the given non_zeros are not empty, then all
  // the new non-zeros in the result are appended to it.
  void LeftSolveWithNonZeros(ScatteredRow* y) const {
    RETURN_IF_NULL(y);
    if (y->non_zeros.empty()) {
      LeftSolve(&y->values);
      return;
    }
 
    // y->is_non_zero is always all false before and after this code.
    DCHECK(y->is_non_zero.IsAllFalse());
    y->RepopulateSparseMask();
    bool use_dense = y->ShouldUseDenseIteration(hypersparse_ratio_);
    for (int i = elementary_matrices_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (use_dense) {
        elementary_matrices_[i].LeftSolve(&y->values);
      } else {
        elementary_matrices_[i].LeftSolveWithNonZeros(y);
        use_dense = y->ShouldUseDenseIteration(hypersparse_ratio_);
      }
    }
    y->ClearSparseMask();
    y->ClearNonZerosIfTooDense(hypersparse_ratio_);
    dtime_ += DeterministicTimeForFpOperations(num_entries_.value());
  }
 
  // Right-solves all systems from left to right, i.e. T_i.d_{i+1} = d_i
  void RightSolve(DenseColumn* d) const {
    RETURN_IF_NULL(d);
    const size_t end = elementary_matrices_.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < end; ++i) {
      elementary_matrices_[i].RightSolve(d);
    }
    dtime_ += DeterministicTimeForFpOperations(num_entries_.value());
  }
 
  // Same as RightSolve(), but if the given non_zeros are not empty, then all
  // the new non-zeros in the result are appended to it.
  void RightSolveWithNonZeros(ScatteredColumn* d) const {
    RETURN_IF_NULL(d);
    if (d->non_zeros.empty()) {
      RightSolve(&d->values);
      return;
    }
 
    // d->is_non_zero is always all false before and after this code.
    DCHECK(d->is_non_zero.IsAllFalse());
    d->RepopulateSparseMask();
    bool use_dense = d->ShouldUseDenseIteration(hypersparse_ratio_);
    const size_t end = elementary_matrices_.size();
    for (int i = 0; i < end; ++i) {
      if (use_dense) {
        elementary_matrices_[i].RightSolve(&d->values);
      } else {
        elementary_matrices_[i].RightSolveWithNonZeros(d);
        use_dense = d->ShouldUseDenseIteration(hypersparse_ratio_);
      }
    }
    d->ClearSparseMask();
    d->ClearNonZerosIfTooDense(hypersparse_ratio_);
    dtime_ += DeterministicTimeForFpOperations(num_entries_.value());
  }
 
  EntryIndex num_entries() const { return num_entries_; }
 
  // Deterministic time spent in all the solves function since last reset.
  //
  // TODO(user): This is quite precise. However we overcount a bit, because in
  // each elementary solves, if the scalar product involved is zero, we skip
  // some of the operations counted here. Is it worth spending a bit more time
  // to be more precise here?
  double DeterministicTimeSinceLastReset() const { return dtime_; }
  void ResetDeterministicTime() { dtime_ = 0.0; }
 
 private:
  mutable double dtime_ = 0.0;
 
  double hypersparse_ratio_;
  EntryIndex num_entries_;
  std::vector<RankOneUpdateElementaryMatrix> elementary_matrices_;
};
 
}  // namespace glop
}  // namespace operations_research
 
#endif  // ORTOOLS_GLOP_RANK_ONE_UPDATE_H_