gurobi_proto_solver.cc

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// Copyright 2010-2025 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
#include "ortools/linear_solver/proto_solver/gurobi_proto_solver.h"
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <numeric>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
 
#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
#include "absl/cleanup/cleanup.h"
#include "absl/log/check.h"
#include "absl/status/status.h"
#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "absl/time/clock.h"
#include "absl/time/time.h"
#include "absl/types/optional.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/base/status_macros.h"
#include "ortools/base/timer.h"
#include "ortools/gurobi/environment.h"
#include "ortools/linear_solver/linear_solver.pb.h"
#include "ortools/linear_solver/model_validator.h"
#include "ortools/util/lazy_mutable_copy.h"
 
namespace operations_research {
 
namespace {
constexpr int GRB_OK = 0;
 
inline absl::Status GurobiCodeToUtilStatus(int error_code,
                                           const char* source_file,
                                           int source_line,
                                           const char* statement,
                                           GRBenv* const env) {
  if (error_code == GRB_OK) return absl::OkStatus();
  return absl::InvalidArgumentError(absl::StrFormat(
      "Gurobi error code %d (file '%s', line %d) on '%s': %s", error_code,
      source_file, source_line, statement, GRBgeterrormsg(env)));
}
 
int AddIndicatorConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                           GRBmodel* gurobi_model,
                           std::vector<int>* tmp_variables,
                           std::vector<double>* tmp_coefficients) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_coefficients != nullptr);
 
  const auto& ind_cst = gen_cst.indicator_constraint();
  MPConstraintProto cst = ind_cst.constraint();
  if (cst.lower_bound() > -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()) {
    int status = GRBaddgenconstrIndicator(
        gurobi_model, gen_cst.name().c_str(), ind_cst.var_index(),
        ind_cst.var_value(), cst.var_index_size(),
        cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data(),
        cst.mutable_coefficient()->mutable_data(),
        cst.upper_bound() == cst.lower_bound() ? GRB_EQUAL : GRB_GREATER_EQUAL,
        cst.lower_bound());
    if (status != GRB_OK) return status;
  }
  if (cst.upper_bound() < std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity() &&
      cst.lower_bound() != cst.upper_bound()) {
    return GRBaddgenconstrIndicator(gurobi_model, gen_cst.name().c_str(),
                                    ind_cst.var_index(), ind_cst.var_value(),
                                    cst.var_index_size(),
                                    cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data(),
                                    cst.mutable_coefficient()->mutable_data(),
                                    GRB_LESS_EQUAL, cst.upper_bound());
  }
 
  return GRB_OK;
}
 
int AddSosConstraint(const MPSosConstraint& sos_cst, GRBmodel* gurobi_model,
                     std::vector<int>* tmp_variables,
                     std::vector<double>* tmp_weights) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_weights != nullptr);
 
  tmp_variables->resize(sos_cst.var_index_size(), 0);
  for (int v = 0; v < sos_cst.var_index_size(); ++v) {
    (*tmp_variables)[v] = sos_cst.var_index(v);
  }
  tmp_weights->resize(sos_cst.var_index_size(), 0);
  if (sos_cst.weight_size() == sos_cst.var_index_size()) {
    for (int w = 0; w < sos_cst.weight_size(); ++w) {
      (*tmp_weights)[w] = sos_cst.weight(w);
    }
  } else {
    DCHECK_EQ(sos_cst.weight_size(), 0);
    // Gurobi requires variable weights in their SOS constraints.
    std::iota(tmp_weights->begin(), tmp_weights->end(), 1);
  }
 
  std::vector<int> types = {sos_cst.type() == MPSosConstraint::SOS1_DEFAULT
                                ? GRB_SOS_TYPE1
                                : GRB_SOS_TYPE2};
  std::vector<int> begins = {0};
  return GRBaddsos(gurobi_model, /*numsos=*/1,
                   /*nummembers=*/sos_cst.var_index_size(),
                   /*types=*/types.data(),
                   /*beg=*/begins.data(), /*ind=*/tmp_variables->data(),
                   /*weight*/ tmp_weights->data());
}
 
int AddQuadraticConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                           GRBmodel* gurobi_model) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  constexpr double kInfinity = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
 
  CHECK(gen_cst.has_quadratic_constraint());
  const MPQuadraticConstraint& quad_cst = gen_cst.quadratic_constraint();
 
  auto addqconstr = [](GRBmodel* gurobi_model, MPQuadraticConstraint quad_cst,
                       char sense, double rhs, const std::string& name) {
    return GRBaddqconstr(
        gurobi_model,
        /*numlnz=*/quad_cst.var_index_size(),
        /*lind=*/quad_cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data(),
        /*lval=*/quad_cst.mutable_coefficient()->mutable_data(),
        /*numqnz=*/quad_cst.qvar1_index_size(),
        /*qrow=*/quad_cst.mutable_qvar1_index()->mutable_data(),
        /*qcol=*/quad_cst.mutable_qvar2_index()->mutable_data(),
        /*qval=*/quad_cst.mutable_qcoefficient()->mutable_data(),
        /*sense=*/sense,
        /*rhs=*/rhs,
        /*QCname=*/name.c_str());
  };
 
  if (quad_cst.has_lower_bound() && quad_cst.lower_bound() > -kInfinity) {
    const int grb_status =
        addqconstr(gurobi_model, gen_cst.quadratic_constraint(),
                   GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, quad_cst.lower_bound(),
                   gen_cst.has_name() ? gen_cst.name() + "_lb" : "");
    if (grb_status != GRB_OK) return grb_status;
  }
  if (quad_cst.has_upper_bound() && quad_cst.upper_bound() < kInfinity) {
    const int grb_status =
        addqconstr(gurobi_model, gen_cst.quadratic_constraint(), GRB_LESS_EQUAL,
                   quad_cst.upper_bound(),
                   gen_cst.has_name() ? gen_cst.name() + "_ub" : "");
    if (grb_status != GRB_OK) return grb_status;
  }
 
  return GRB_OK;
}
 
int AddAndConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                     GRBmodel* gurobi_model, std::vector<int>* tmp_variables) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
 
  auto and_cst = gen_cst.and_constraint();
  return GRBaddgenconstrAnd(
      gurobi_model,
      /*name=*/gen_cst.name().c_str(),
      /*resvar=*/and_cst.resultant_var_index(),
      /*nvars=*/and_cst.var_index_size(),
      /*vars=*/and_cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data());
}
 
int AddOrConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                    GRBmodel* gurobi_model, std::vector<int>* tmp_variables) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
 
  auto or_cst = gen_cst.or_constraint();
  return GRBaddgenconstrOr(gurobi_model,
                           /*name=*/gen_cst.name().c_str(),
                           /*resvar=*/or_cst.resultant_var_index(),
                           /*nvars=*/or_cst.var_index_size(),
                           /*vars=*/or_cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data());
}
 
int AddMinConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                     GRBmodel* gurobi_model, std::vector<int>* tmp_variables) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
 
  auto min_cst = gen_cst.min_constraint();
  return GRBaddgenconstrMin(
      gurobi_model,
      /*name=*/gen_cst.name().c_str(),
      /*resvar=*/min_cst.resultant_var_index(),
      /*nvars=*/min_cst.var_index_size(),
      /*vars=*/min_cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data(),
      /*constant=*/min_cst.has_constant()
          ? min_cst.constant()
          : std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
}
 
int AddMaxConstraint(const MPGeneralConstraintProto& gen_cst,
                     GRBmodel* gurobi_model, std::vector<int>* tmp_variables) {
  CHECK(gurobi_model != nullptr);
  CHECK(tmp_variables != nullptr);
 
  auto max_cst = gen_cst.max_constraint();
  return GRBaddgenconstrMax(
      gurobi_model,
      /*name=*/gen_cst.name().c_str(),
      /*resvar=*/max_cst.resultant_var_index(),
      /*nvars=*/max_cst.var_index_size(),
      /*vars=*/max_cst.mutable_var_index()->mutable_data(),
      /*constant=*/max_cst.has_constant()
          ? max_cst.constant()
          : -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity());
}
}  // namespace
 
absl::Status SetSolverSpecificParameters(absl::string_view parameters,
                                         GRBenv* gurobi) {
  if (parameters.empty()) return absl::OkStatus();
  std::vector<std::string> error_messages;
  for (absl::string_view line : absl::StrSplit(parameters, '\n')) {
    // Empty lines are simply ignored.
    if (line.empty()) continue;
    // Comment tokens end at the next new-line, or the end of the string.
    // The first character must be '#'
    if (line[0] == '#') continue;
    for (absl::string_view token :
         absl::StrSplit(line, ',', absl::SkipWhitespace())) {
      if (token.empty()) continue;
      std::vector<std::string> key_value =
          absl::StrSplit(token, absl::ByAnyChar(" ="), absl::SkipWhitespace());
      // If one parameter fails, we keep processing the list of parameters.
      if (key_value.size() != 2) {
        const std::string current_message =
            absl::StrCat("Cannot parse parameter '", token,
                         "'. Expected format is 'ParameterName value' or "
                         "'ParameterName=value'");
        error_messages.push_back(current_message);
        continue;
      }
      const int gurobi_code =
          GRBsetparam(gurobi, key_value[0].c_str(), key_value[1].c_str());
      if (gurobi_code != GRB_OK) {
        const std::string current_message = absl::StrCat(
            "Error setting parameter '", key_value[0], "' to value '",
            key_value[1], "': ", GRBgeterrormsg(gurobi));
        error_messages.push_back(current_message);
        continue;
      }
      VLOG(2) << absl::StrCat("Set parameter '", key_value[0], "' to value '",
                              key_value[1]);
    }
  }
 
  if (error_messages.empty()) return absl::OkStatus();
  return absl::InvalidArgumentError(absl::StrJoin(error_messages, "\n"));
}
 
absl::StatusOr<MPSolutionResponse> GurobiSolveProto(
    LazyMutableCopy<MPModelRequest> request, GRBenv* gurobi_env) {
  MPSolutionResponse response;
  const std::optional<LazyMutableCopy<MPModelProto>> optional_model =
      GetMPModelOrPopulateResponse(request, &response);
  if (!optional_model) return response;
  const MPModelProto& model = **optional_model;
 
  // We set `gurobi_env` to point to a new environment if no existing one is
  // provided. We must make sure that we free this environment when we exit this
  // function.
  bool gurobi_env_was_created = false;
  auto gurobi_env_deleter = absl::MakeCleanup([&]() {
    if (gurobi_env_was_created && gurobi_env != nullptr) {
      GRBfreeenv(gurobi_env);
    }
  });
  if (gurobi_env == nullptr) {
    ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(gurobi_env, GetGurobiEnv());
    gurobi_env_was_created = true;
  }
 
  GRBmodel* gurobi_model = nullptr;
  auto gurobi_model_deleter = absl::MakeCleanup([&]() {
    const int error_code = GRBfreemodel(gurobi_model);
    LOG_IF(DFATAL, error_code != GRB_OK)
        << "GRBfreemodel failed with error " << error_code << ": "
        << GRBgeterrormsg(gurobi_env);
  });
 
// `gurobi_env` references ther GRBenv argument.
#define RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(x) \
  RETURN_IF_ERROR(                \
      GurobiCodeToUtilStatus(x, __FILE__, __LINE__, #x, gurobi_env));
 
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBnewmodel(gurobi_env, &gurobi_model,
                                     model.name().c_str(),
                                     /*numvars=*/0,
                                     /*obj=*/nullptr,
                                     /*lb=*/nullptr,
                                     /*ub=*/nullptr,
                                     /*vtype=*/nullptr,
                                     /*varnames=*/nullptr));
  GRBenv* const model_env = GRBgetenv(gurobi_model);
 
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
      GRBsetintparam(model_env, GRB_INT_PAR_OUTPUTFLAG,
                     request->enable_internal_solver_output()));
  if (request->has_solver_specific_parameters()) {
    const auto parameters_status = SetSolverSpecificParameters(
        request->solver_specific_parameters(), model_env);
    if (!parameters_status.ok()) {
      response.set_status(MPSOLVER_MODEL_INVALID_SOLVER_PARAMETERS);
      response.set_status_str(
          std::string(parameters_status.message()));  // NOLINT
      return response;
    }
  }
  if (request->solver_time_limit_seconds() > 0) {
    RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
        GRBsetdblparam(model_env, GRB_DBL_PAR_TIMELIMIT,
                       request->solver_time_limit_seconds()));
  }
 
  const int variable_size = model.variable_size();
  bool has_integer_variables = false;
  {
    std::vector<double> obj_coeffs(variable_size, 0);
    std::vector<double> lb(variable_size);
    std::vector<double> ub(variable_size);
    std::vector<char> ctype(variable_size);
    std::vector<const char*> varnames(variable_size);
    for (int v = 0; v < variable_size; ++v) {
      const MPVariableProto& variable = model.variable(v);
      obj_coeffs[v] = variable.objective_coefficient();
      lb[v] = variable.lower_bound();
      ub[v] = variable.upper_bound();
      ctype[v] = variable.is_integer() &&
                         request->solver_type() ==
                             MPModelRequest::GUROBI_MIXED_INTEGER_PROGRAMMING
                     ? GRB_INTEGER
                     : GRB_CONTINUOUS;
      if (variable.is_integer()) has_integer_variables = true;
      if (!variable.name().empty()) varnames[v] = variable.name().c_str();
    }
 
    RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
        GRBaddvars(gurobi_model, variable_size, 0, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                   /*obj=*/obj_coeffs.data(),
                   /*lb=*/lb.data(), /*ub=*/ub.data(), /*vtype=*/ctype.data(),
                   /*varnames=*/const_cast<char**>(varnames.data())));
 
    // Set solution hints if any.
    for (int i = 0; i < model.solution_hint().var_index_size(); ++i) {
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBsetdblattrelement(
          gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_START, model.solution_hint().var_index(i),
          model.solution_hint().var_value(i)));
    }
  }
 
  {
    std::vector<int> ct_variables;
    std::vector<double> ct_coefficients;
    for (int c = 0; c < model.constraint_size(); ++c) {
      const MPConstraintProto& constraint = model.constraint(c);
      const int size = constraint.var_index_size();
      ct_variables.resize(size, 0);
      ct_coefficients.resize(size, 0);
      for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        ct_variables[i] = constraint.var_index(i);
        ct_coefficients[i] = constraint.coefficient(i);
      }
      // Using GRBaddrangeconstr for constraints that don't require it adds
      // a slack which is not always removed by presolve.
      if (constraint.lower_bound() == constraint.upper_bound()) {
        RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBaddconstr(
            gurobi_model, /*numnz=*/size, /*cind=*/ct_variables.data(),
            /*cval=*/ct_coefficients.data(),
            /*sense=*/GRB_EQUAL, /*rhs=*/constraint.lower_bound(),
            /*constrname=*/constraint.name().c_str()));
      } else if (constraint.lower_bound() ==
                 -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()) {
        RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBaddconstr(
            gurobi_model, /*numnz=*/size, /*cind=*/ct_variables.data(),
            /*cval=*/ct_coefficients.data(),
            /*sense=*/GRB_LESS_EQUAL, /*rhs=*/constraint.upper_bound(),
            /*constrname=*/constraint.name().c_str()));
      } else if (constraint.upper_bound() ==
                 std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()) {
        RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBaddconstr(
            gurobi_model, /*numnz=*/size, /*cind=*/ct_variables.data(),
            /*cval=*/ct_coefficients.data(),
            /*sense=*/GRB_GREATER_EQUAL, /*rhs=*/constraint.lower_bound(),
            /*constrname=*/constraint.name().c_str()));
      } else {
        RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBaddrangeconstr(
            gurobi_model, /*numnz=*/size, /*cind=*/ct_variables.data(),
            /*cval=*/ct_coefficients.data(),
            /*lower=*/constraint.lower_bound(),
            /*upper=*/constraint.upper_bound(),
            /*constrname=*/constraint.name().c_str()));
      }
    }
 
    for (const auto& gen_cst : model.general_constraint()) {
      switch (gen_cst.general_constraint_case()) {
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kIndicatorConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(AddIndicatorConstraint(
              gen_cst, gurobi_model, &ct_variables, &ct_coefficients));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kSosConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(AddSosConstraint(gen_cst.sos_constraint(),
                                                  gurobi_model, &ct_variables,
                                                  &ct_coefficients));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kQuadraticConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(AddQuadraticConstraint(gen_cst, gurobi_model));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kAbsConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBaddgenconstrAbs(
              gurobi_model,
              /*name=*/gen_cst.name().c_str(),
              /*resvar=*/gen_cst.abs_constraint().resultant_var_index(),
              /*argvar=*/gen_cst.abs_constraint().var_index()));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kAndConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
              AddAndConstraint(gen_cst, gurobi_model, &ct_variables));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kOrConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
              AddOrConstraint(gen_cst, gurobi_model, &ct_variables));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kMinConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
              AddMinConstraint(gen_cst, gurobi_model, &ct_variables));
          break;
        }
        case MPGeneralConstraintProto::kMaxConstraint: {
          RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
              AddMaxConstraint(gen_cst, gurobi_model, &ct_variables));
          break;
        }
        default:
          return absl::UnimplementedError(
              absl::StrFormat("General constraints of type %i not supported.",
                              gen_cst.general_constraint_case()));
      }
    }
  }
 
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBsetintattr(gurobi_model, GRB_INT_ATTR_MODELSENSE,
                                       model.maximize() ? -1 : 1));
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBsetdblattr(gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJCON,
                                       model.objective_offset()));
  if (model.has_quadratic_objective()) {
    MPQuadraticObjective qobj = model.quadratic_objective();
    if (qobj.coefficient_size() > 0) {
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
          GRBaddqpterms(gurobi_model, /*numqnz=*/qobj.coefficient_size(),
                        /*qrow=*/qobj.mutable_qvar1_index()->mutable_data(),
                        /*qcol=*/qobj.mutable_qvar2_index()->mutable_data(),
                        /*qval=*/qobj.mutable_coefficient()->mutable_data()));
    }
  }
 
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBupdatemodel(gurobi_model));
 
  const absl::Time time_before = absl::Now();
  UserTimer user_timer;
  user_timer.Start();
 
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBoptimize(gurobi_model));
 
  const absl::Duration solving_duration = absl::Now() - time_before;
  user_timer.Stop();
  VLOG(1) << "Finished solving in GurobiSolveProto(), walltime = "
          << solving_duration << ", usertime = " << user_timer.GetDuration();
  response.mutable_solve_info()->set_solve_wall_time_seconds(
      absl::ToDoubleSeconds(solving_duration));
  response.mutable_solve_info()->set_solve_user_time_seconds(
      absl::ToDoubleSeconds(user_timer.GetDuration()));
 
  int optimization_status = 0;
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
      GRBgetintattr(gurobi_model, GRB_INT_ATTR_STATUS, &optimization_status));
  int solution_count = 0;
  RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
      GRBgetintattr(gurobi_model, GRB_INT_ATTR_SOLCOUNT, &solution_count));
  switch (optimization_status) {
    case GRB_OPTIMAL:
      response.set_status(MPSOLVER_OPTIMAL);
      break;
    case GRB_INF_OR_UNBD:
      DLOG(INFO) << "Gurobi solve returned GRB_INF_OR_UNBD, which we treat as "
                    "INFEASIBLE even though it may mean UNBOUNDED.";
      response.set_status_str(
          "The model may actually be unbounded: Gurobi returned "
          "GRB_INF_OR_UNBD");
      ABSL_FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
    case GRB_INFEASIBLE:
      response.set_status(MPSOLVER_INFEASIBLE);
      break;
    case GRB_UNBOUNDED:
      response.set_status(MPSOLVER_UNBOUNDED);
      break;
    default: {
      if (solution_count > 0) {
        response.set_status(MPSOLVER_FEASIBLE);
      } else {
        response.set_status(MPSOLVER_NOT_SOLVED);
        response.set_status_str(
            absl::StrFormat("Gurobi status code %d", optimization_status));
      }
      break;
    }
  }
 
  if (solution_count > 0 && (response.status() == MPSOLVER_FEASIBLE ||
                             response.status() == MPSOLVER_OPTIMAL)) {
    double objective_value = 0;
    RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
        GRBgetdblattr(gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJVAL, &objective_value));
    response.set_objective_value(objective_value);
    double best_objective_bound = 0;
    const int error = GRBgetdblattr(gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_OBJBOUND,
                                    &best_objective_bound);
    if (response.status() == MPSOLVER_OPTIMAL &&
        error == GRB_ERROR_DATA_NOT_AVAILABLE) {
      // If the presolve deletes all variables, there's no best bound.
      response.set_best_objective_bound(objective_value);
    } else {
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(error);
      response.set_best_objective_bound(best_objective_bound);
    }
 
    response.mutable_variable_value()->Resize(variable_size, 0);
    RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
        GRBgetdblattrarray(gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_X, 0, variable_size,
                           response.mutable_variable_value()->mutable_data()));
    // NOTE, GurobiSolveProto() is exposed to external clients via MPSolver API,
    // which assumes the solution values of integer variables are rounded to
    // integer values.
    auto round_values_of_integer_variables_fn =
        [&](google::protobuf::RepeatedField<double>* values) {
          for (int v = 0; v < variable_size; ++v) {
            if (model.variable(v).is_integer()) {
              (*values)[v] = std::round((*values)[v]);
            }
          }
        };
    round_values_of_integer_variables_fn(response.mutable_variable_value());
    if (!has_integer_variables && model.general_constraint_size() == 0) {
      response.mutable_dual_value()->Resize(model.constraint_size(), 0);
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBgetdblattrarray(
          gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_PI, 0, model.constraint_size(),
          response.mutable_dual_value()->mutable_data()));
    }
    const int additional_solutions = std::min(
        solution_count, std::min(request->populate_additional_solutions_up_to(),
                                 std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() - 1) +
                            1);
    for (int i = 1; i < additional_solutions; ++i) {
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(
          GRBsetintparam(model_env, GRB_INT_PAR_SOLUTIONNUMBER, i));
      MPSolution* solution = response.add_additional_solutions();
      solution->mutable_variable_value()->Resize(variable_size, 0);
      double objective_value = 0;
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBgetdblattr(
          gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_POOLOBJVAL, &objective_value));
      solution->set_objective_value(objective_value);
      RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR(GRBgetdblattrarray(
          gurobi_model, GRB_DBL_ATTR_XN, 0, variable_size,
          solution->mutable_variable_value()->mutable_data()));
      round_values_of_integer_variables_fn(solution->mutable_variable_value());
    }
  }
#undef RETURN_IF_GUROBI_ERROR
 
  return response;
}
 
}  // namespace operations_research