model_exporter.cc

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// Copyright 2010-2025 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
#include "ortools/linear_solver/model_exporter.h"
 
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
#include "absl/status/status.h"
#include "absl/status/statusor.h"
#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
#include "absl/strings/match.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
#include "absl/types/span.h"
#include "ortools/base/helpers.h"
#include "ortools/base/logging.h"
#include "ortools/base/options.h"
#include "ortools/base/status_macros.h"
#include "ortools/linear_solver/linear_solver.pb.h"
 
ABSL_RETIRED_FLAG(bool, lp_log_invalid_name, false, "DEPRECATED.");
 
namespace operations_research {
namespace {
 
constexpr double kInfinity = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
 
class LineBreaker {
 public:
  explicit LineBreaker(int max_line_size)
      : max_line_size_(max_line_size), line_size_(0), output_() {}
  // Lines are broken in such a way that:
  // - Strings that are given to Append() are never split.
  // - Lines are split so that their length doesn't exceed the max length;
  //   unless a single string given to Append() exceeds that length (in which
  //   case it will be put alone on a single unsplit line).
  void Append(absl::string_view s);
 
  // Returns true if string s will fit on the current line without adding a
  // carriage return.
  bool WillFit(const std::string& s) {
    return line_size_ + static_cast<int>(s.size()) < max_line_size_;
  }
 
  // "Consumes" size characters on the line. Used when starting the constraint
  // lines.
  void Consume(int size) { line_size_ += size; }
 
  std::string GetOutput() const { return output_; }
 
 private:
  int max_line_size_;
  int line_size_;
  std::string output_;
};
 
void LineBreaker::Append(absl::string_view s) {
  line_size_ += s.size();
  if (line_size_ > max_line_size_) {
    line_size_ = s.size();
    absl::StrAppend(&output_, "\n ");
  }
  absl::StrAppend(&output_, s);
}
 
class MPModelProtoExporter {
 public:
  explicit MPModelProtoExporter(const MPModelProto& model);
 
  // This type is neither copyable nor movable.
  MPModelProtoExporter(const MPModelProtoExporter&) = delete;
  MPModelProtoExporter& operator=(const MPModelProtoExporter&) = delete;
 
  bool ExportModelAsLpFormat(const MPModelExportOptions& options,
                             std::string* output);
  bool ExportModelAsMpsFormat(const MPModelExportOptions& options,
                              std::string* output);
 
 private:
  // Computes the number of continuous, integer and binary variables.
  // Called by ExportModelAsLpFormat() and ExportModelAsMpsFormat().
  void Setup();
 
  // Computes smart column widths for free MPS format.
  void ComputeMpsSmartColumnWidths(bool obfuscated);
 
  // Processes all the proto.name() fields and returns the result in a vector.
  //
  // If 'obfuscate' is true, none of names are actually used, and this just
  // returns a vector of 'prefix' + proto index (1-based).
  //
  // If it is false, this tries to keep the original names, but:
  // - if the first character is forbidden (or name is empty), '_' is added at
  //   the beginning of name.
  // - all the other forbidden characters are replaced by '_'.
  // To avoid name conflicts, a '_' followed by an integer is appended to the
  // result.
  //
  // If a name is longer than the maximum allowed name length, the obfuscated
  // name is used.
  //
  // Therefore, a name "$20<=40" for proto #3 could be "_$20__40_1".
  template <class ListOfProtosWithNameFields>
  std::vector<std::string> ExtractAndProcessNames(
      const ListOfProtosWithNameFields& proto, absl::string_view prefix,
      bool obfuscate, bool log_invalid_names,
      const std::string& forbidden_first_chars,
      const std::string& forbidden_chars);
 
  // Appends a general "Comment" section with useful metadata about the model
  // to "output".
  // Note(user): there may be less variables in output than in the original
  // model, as unused variables are not shown by default. Similarly, there
  // may be more constraints in a .lp file as in the original model as
  // a constraint lhs <= term <= rhs will be output as the two constraints
  // term >= lhs and term <= rhs.
  void AppendComments(const std::string& separator, std::string* output) const;
 
  // Appends an MPConstraintProto to the output text. If the constraint has
  // both an upper and lower bound that are not equal, it splits the constraint
  // into two constraints, one for the left hand side (_lhs) and one for right
  // hand side (_rhs).
  bool AppendConstraint(const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto,
                        absl::string_view name, LineBreaker& line_breaker,
                        std::vector<bool>& show_variable, std::string* output);
 
  // Clears "output" and writes a term to it, in "LP" format. Returns false on
  // error (for example, var_index is out of range).
  bool WriteLpTerm(int var_index, double coefficient,
                   std::string* output) const;
 
  // Appends a pair name, value to "output", formatted to comply with the MPS
  // standard.
  void AppendMpsPair(absl::string_view name, double value,
                     std::string* output) const;
 
  // Appends the head of a line, consisting of an id and a name to output.
  void AppendMpsLineHeader(absl::string_view id, absl::string_view name,
                           std::string* output) const;
 
  // Same as AppendMpsLineHeader. Appends an extra new-line at the end the
  // string pointed to by output.
  void AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine(absl::string_view id,
                                      absl::string_view name,
                                      std::string* output) const;
 
  // Appends an MPS term in various contexts. The term consists of a head name,
  // a name, and a value. If the line is not empty, then only the pair
  // (name, value) is appended. The number of columns, limited to 2 by the MPS
  // format is also taken care of.
  void AppendMpsTermWithContext(absl::string_view head_name,
                                absl::string_view name, double value,
                                std::string* output);
 
  // Appends a new-line if two columns are already present on the MPS line.
  // Used by and in complement to AppendMpsTermWithContext.
  void AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(std::string* output);
 
  // When 'integrality' is true, appends columns corresponding to integer
  // variables. Appends the columns for non-integer variables otherwise.
  // The sparse matrix must be passed as a vector of columns ('transpose').
  void AppendMpsColumns(
      bool integrality,
      absl::Span<const std::vector<std::pair<int, double>>> transpose,
      std::string* output);
 
  // Appends a line describing the bound of a variablenew-line if two columns
  // are already present on the MPS line.
  // Used by and in complement to AppendMpsTermWithContext.
  void AppendMpsBound(absl::string_view bound_type, absl::string_view name,
                      double value, std::string* output) const;
 
  const MPModelProto& proto_;
 
  // Vector of variable names as they will be exported.
  std::vector<std::string> exported_variable_names_;
 
  // Vector of constraint names as they will be exported.
  std::vector<std::string> exported_constraint_names_;
 
  // Vector of general constraint names as they will be exported.
  std::vector<std::string> exported_general_constraint_names_;
 
  // Number of integer variables in proto_.
  int num_integer_variables_;
 
  // Number of binary variables in proto_.
  int num_binary_variables_;
 
  // Number of continuous variables in proto_.
  int num_continuous_variables_;
 
  // Current MPS file column number.
  int current_mps_column_;
 
  // Format for MPS file lines.
  std::unique_ptr<absl::ParsedFormat<'s', 's'>> mps_header_format_;
  std::unique_ptr<absl::ParsedFormat<'s', 's'>> mps_format_;
};
 
}  // namespace
 
absl::StatusOr<std::string> ExportModelAsLpFormat(
    const MPModelProto& model, const MPModelExportOptions& options) {
  for (const MPGeneralConstraintProto& general_constraint :
       model.general_constraint()) {
    if (!general_constraint.has_indicator_constraint()) {
      return absl::InvalidArgumentError(
          "Non-indicator general constraints are not supported.");
    }
  }
  MPModelProtoExporter exporter(model);
  std::string output;
  if (!exporter.ExportModelAsLpFormat(options, &output)) {
    return absl::InvalidArgumentError("Unable to export model.");
  }
  return output;
}
 
absl::StatusOr<std::string> ExportModelAsMpsFormat(
    const MPModelProto& model, const MPModelExportOptions& options) {
  if (model.general_constraint_size() > 0) {
    return absl::InvalidArgumentError("General constraints are not supported.");
  }
  MPModelProtoExporter exporter(model);
  std::string output;
  if (!exporter.ExportModelAsMpsFormat(options, &output)) {
    return absl::InvalidArgumentError("Unable to export model.");
  }
  return output;
}
 
absl::Status WriteModelToMpsFile(absl::string_view filename,
                                 const MPModelProto& model,
                                 const MPModelExportOptions& options) {
  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN(std::string mps_data,
                   ExportModelAsMpsFormat(model, options));
  return file::SetContents(filename, mps_data, file::Defaults());
}
 
namespace {
MPModelProtoExporter::MPModelProtoExporter(const MPModelProto& model)
    : proto_(model),
      num_integer_variables_(0),
      num_binary_variables_(0),
      num_continuous_variables_(0),
      current_mps_column_(0) {}
 
namespace {
class NameManager {
 public:
  NameManager() : names_set_(), last_n_(1) {}
  std::string MakeUniqueName(absl::string_view name);
 
 private:
  absl::flat_hash_set<std::string> names_set_;
  int last_n_;
};
 
std::string NameManager::MakeUniqueName(absl::string_view name) {
  std::string result(name);
  // Find the 'n' so that "name_n" does not already exist.
  int n = last_n_;
  while (!names_set_.insert(result).second) {
    result = absl::StrCat(name, "_", n);
    ++n;
  }
  // We keep the last n used to avoid a quadratic behavior in case
  // all the names are the same initially.
  last_n_ = n;
  return result;
}
 
// NOTE: As a special case, an empty name is treated as started with a forbidden
// character (\0).
std::string MakeExportableName(const std::string& name,
                               const std::string& forbidden_first_chars,
                               const std::string& forbidden_chars,
                               bool* found_forbidden_char) {
  // Prepend with "_" all the names starting with a forbidden character.
  *found_forbidden_char =
      name.empty() || absl::StrContains(forbidden_first_chars, name[0]);
  std::string exportable_name =
      *found_forbidden_char ? absl::StrCat("_", name) : name;
 
  // Replace all the other forbidden characters with "_".
  for (char& c : exportable_name) {
    if (absl::StrContains(forbidden_chars, c)) {
      c = '_';
      *found_forbidden_char = true;
    }
  }
  return exportable_name;
}
}  // namespace
 
template <class ListOfProtosWithNameFields>
std::vector<std::string> MPModelProtoExporter::ExtractAndProcessNames(
    const ListOfProtosWithNameFields& proto, absl::string_view prefix,
    bool obfuscate, bool log_invalid_names,
    const std::string& forbidden_first_chars,
    const std::string& forbidden_chars) {
  const int num_items = proto.size();
  std::vector<std::string> result(num_items);
  NameManager namer;
  const int num_digits = absl::StrCat(num_items).size();
  int i = 0;
  for (const auto& item : proto) {
    const std::string obfuscated_name =
        absl::StrFormat("%s%0*d", prefix, num_digits, i);
    if (obfuscate || !item.has_name()) {
      result[i] = namer.MakeUniqueName(obfuscated_name);
      LOG_IF(WARNING, log_invalid_names && !item.has_name())
          << "Empty name detected, created new name: " << result[i];
    } else {
      bool found_forbidden_char = false;
      const std::string exportable_name =
          MakeExportableName(item.name(), forbidden_first_chars,
                             forbidden_chars, &found_forbidden_char);
      result[i] = namer.MakeUniqueName(exportable_name);
      LOG_IF(WARNING, log_invalid_names && found_forbidden_char)
          << "Invalid character detected in " << item.name() << ". Changed to "
          << result[i];
      // If the name is too long, use the obfuscated name that is guaranteed
      // to fit. If ever we are able to solve problems with 2^64 variables,
      // their obfuscated names would fit within 20 characters.
      const int kMaxNameLength = 255;
      // Take care of "_rhs" or "_lhs" that may be added in the case of
      // constraints with both right-hand side and left-hand side.
      const int kMargin = 4;
      if (result[i].size() > kMaxNameLength - kMargin) {
        const std::string old_name = std::move(result[i]);
        result[i] = namer.MakeUniqueName(obfuscated_name);
        LOG_IF(WARNING, log_invalid_names) << "Name is too long: " << old_name
                                           << " exported as: " << result[i];
      }
    }
 
    // Prepare for the next round.
    ++i;
  }
  return result;
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendComments(const std::string& separator,
                                          std::string* output) const {
  const char* const sep = separator.c_str();
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s Generated by MPModelProtoExporter\n", sep);
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s   %-16s : %s\n", sep, "Name",
                        proto_.has_name() ? proto_.name().c_str() : "NoName");
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s   %-16s : %s\n", sep, "Format", "Free");
  absl::StrAppendFormat(
      output, "%s   %-16s : %d\n", sep, "Constraints",
      proto_.constraint_size() + proto_.general_constraint_size());
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s   %-16s : %d\n", sep, "Variables",
                        proto_.variable_size());
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s     %-14s : %d\n", sep, "Binary",
                        num_binary_variables_);
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s     %-14s : %d\n", sep, "Integer",
                        num_integer_variables_);
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%s     %-14s : %d\n", sep, "Continuous",
                        num_continuous_variables_);
}
 
namespace {
 
std::string DoubleToStringWithForcedSign(double d) {
  return absl::StrCat((d < 0 ? "" : "+"), (d));
}
 
std::string DoubleToString(double d) { return absl::StrCat((d)); }
 
}  // namespace
 
bool MPModelProtoExporter::AppendConstraint(const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto,
                                            absl::string_view name,
                                            LineBreaker& line_breaker,
                                            std::vector<bool>& show_variable,
                                            std::string* output) {
  for (int i = 0; i < ct_proto.var_index_size(); ++i) {
    const int var_index = ct_proto.var_index(i);
    const double coeff = ct_proto.coefficient(i);
    std::string term;
    if (!WriteLpTerm(var_index, coeff, &term)) {
      return false;
    }
    line_breaker.Append(term);
    show_variable[var_index] = coeff != 0.0 || show_variable[var_index];
  }
 
  const double lb = ct_proto.lower_bound();
  const double ub = ct_proto.upper_bound();
  if (lb == ub) {
    line_breaker.Append(absl::StrCat(" = ", DoubleToString(ub), "\n"));
    absl::StrAppend(output, " ", name, ": ", line_breaker.GetOutput());
  } else {
    if (ub != +kInfinity) {
      std::string rhs_name(name);
      if (lb != -kInfinity) {
        absl::StrAppend(&rhs_name, "_rhs");
      }
      absl::StrAppend(output, " ", rhs_name, ": ", line_breaker.GetOutput());
      const std::string relation =
          absl::StrCat(" <= ", DoubleToString(ub), "\n");
      // Here we have to make sure we do not add the relation to the contents
      // of line_breaker, which may be used in the subsequent clause.
      if (!line_breaker.WillFit(relation)) absl::StrAppend(output, "\n ");
      absl::StrAppend(output, relation);
    }
    if (lb != -kInfinity) {
      std::string lhs_name(name);
      if (ub != +kInfinity) {
        absl::StrAppend(&lhs_name, "_lhs");
      }
      absl::StrAppend(output, " ", lhs_name, ": ", line_breaker.GetOutput());
      const std::string relation =
          absl::StrCat(" >= ", DoubleToString(lb), "\n");
      if (!line_breaker.WillFit(relation)) absl::StrAppend(output, "\n ");
      absl::StrAppend(output, relation);
    }
  }
 
  return true;
}
 
bool MPModelProtoExporter::WriteLpTerm(int var_index, double coefficient,
                                       std::string* output) const {
  output->clear();
  if (var_index < 0 || var_index >= proto_.variable_size()) {
    LOG(DFATAL) << "Reference to out-of-bounds variable index # " << var_index;
    return false;
  }
  if (coefficient != 0.0) {
    *output = absl::StrCat(DoubleToStringWithForcedSign(coefficient), " ",
                           exported_variable_names_[var_index], " ");
  }
  return true;
}
 
namespace {
bool IsBoolean(const MPVariableProto& var) {
  return var.is_integer() && ceil(var.lower_bound()) == 0.0 &&
         floor(var.upper_bound()) == 1.0;
}
 
void UpdateMaxSize(absl::string_view new_string, int* size) {
  const int new_size = new_string.size();
  if (new_size > *size) *size = new_size;
}
 
void UpdateMaxSize(double new_number, int* size) {
  UpdateMaxSize(DoubleToString(new_number), size);
}
}  // namespace
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::Setup() {
  num_binary_variables_ = 0;
  num_integer_variables_ = 0;
  for (const MPVariableProto& var : proto_.variable()) {
    if (var.is_integer()) {
      if (IsBoolean(var)) {
        ++num_binary_variables_;
      } else {
        ++num_integer_variables_;
      }
    }
  }
  num_continuous_variables_ =
      proto_.variable_size() - num_binary_variables_ - num_integer_variables_;
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::ComputeMpsSmartColumnWidths(bool obfuscated) {
  // Minimum values for aesthetics (if columns are too narrow, MPS files are
  // difficult to read).
  int string_field_size = 6;
  int number_field_size = 6;
 
  for (const MPVariableProto& var : proto_.variable()) {
    UpdateMaxSize(var.name(), &string_field_size);
    UpdateMaxSize(var.objective_coefficient(), &number_field_size);
    UpdateMaxSize(var.lower_bound(), &number_field_size);
    UpdateMaxSize(var.upper_bound(), &number_field_size);
  }
 
  for (const MPConstraintProto& cst : proto_.constraint()) {
    UpdateMaxSize(cst.name(), &string_field_size);
    UpdateMaxSize(cst.lower_bound(), &number_field_size);
    UpdateMaxSize(cst.upper_bound(), &number_field_size);
    for (const double coeff : cst.coefficient()) {
      UpdateMaxSize(coeff, &number_field_size);
    }
  }
 
  // Maximum values for aesthetics. These are also the values used by other
  // solvers.
  string_field_size = std::min(string_field_size, 255);
  number_field_size = std::min(number_field_size, 255);
 
  // If the model is obfuscated, all names will have the same size, which we
  // compute here.
  if (obfuscated) {
    int max_digits =
        absl::StrCat(
            std::max(proto_.variable_size(), proto_.constraint_size()) - 1)
            .size();
    string_field_size = std::max(6, max_digits + 1);
  }
 
  mps_header_format_ = absl::ParsedFormat<'s', 's'>::New(
      absl::StrCat(" %-2s %-", string_field_size, "s"));
  mps_format_ = absl::ParsedFormat<'s', 's'>::New(
      absl::StrCat("  %-", string_field_size, "s  %", number_field_size, "s"));
}
 
bool MPModelProtoExporter::ExportModelAsLpFormat(
    const MPModelExportOptions& options, std::string* output) {
  output->clear();
  Setup();
  const std::string kForbiddenFirstChars = "$.0123456789";
  const std::string kForbiddenChars = " +-*/<>=:\\";
  exported_constraint_names_ = ExtractAndProcessNames(
      proto_.constraint(), "C", options.obfuscate, options.log_invalid_names,
      kForbiddenFirstChars, kForbiddenChars);
  exported_general_constraint_names_ = ExtractAndProcessNames(
      proto_.general_constraint(), "C", options.obfuscate,
      options.log_invalid_names, kForbiddenFirstChars, kForbiddenChars);
  exported_variable_names_ = ExtractAndProcessNames(
      proto_.variable(), "V", options.obfuscate, options.log_invalid_names,
      kForbiddenFirstChars, kForbiddenChars);
 
  // Comments section.
  AppendComments("\\", output);
  if (options.show_unused_variables) {
    absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "\\ Unused variables are shown\n");
  }
 
  // Objective
  absl::StrAppend(output, proto_.maximize() ? "Maximize\n" : "Minimize\n");
  LineBreaker obj_line_breaker(options.max_line_length);
  obj_line_breaker.Append(" Obj: ");
  if (proto_.objective_offset() != 0.0) {
    obj_line_breaker.Append(absl::StrCat(
        DoubleToStringWithForcedSign(proto_.objective_offset()), " Constant "));
  }
  std::vector<bool> show_variable(proto_.variable_size(),
                                  options.show_unused_variables);
  for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
    const double coeff = proto_.variable(var_index).objective_coefficient();
    std::string term;
    if (!WriteLpTerm(var_index, coeff, &term)) {
      return false;
    }
    obj_line_breaker.Append(term);
    show_variable[var_index] = coeff != 0.0 || show_variable[var_index];
  }
  // Linear Constraints
  absl::StrAppend(output, obj_line_breaker.GetOutput(), "\nSubject to\n");
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.constraint_size(); ++cst_index) {
    const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto = proto_.constraint(cst_index);
    const std::string& name = exported_constraint_names_[cst_index];
    LineBreaker line_breaker(options.max_line_length);
    const int kNumFormattingChars = 10;  // Overevaluated.
    // Account for the size of the constraint name + possibly "_rhs" +
    // the formatting characters here.
    line_breaker.Consume(kNumFormattingChars + name.size());
    if (!AppendConstraint(ct_proto, name, line_breaker, show_variable,
                          output)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
 
  // General Constraints
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.general_constraint_size();
       ++cst_index) {
    const MPGeneralConstraintProto& ct_proto =
        proto_.general_constraint(cst_index);
    const std::string& name = exported_general_constraint_names_[cst_index];
    LineBreaker line_breaker(options.max_line_length);
    const int kNumFormattingChars = 10;  // Overevaluated.
    // Account for the size of the constraint name + possibly "_rhs" +
    // the formatting characters here.
    line_breaker.Consume(kNumFormattingChars + name.size());
 
    if (!ct_proto.has_indicator_constraint()) return false;
    const MPIndicatorConstraint& indicator_ct = ct_proto.indicator_constraint();
    const int binary_var_index = indicator_ct.var_index();
    const int binary_var_value = indicator_ct.var_value();
    if (binary_var_index < 0 || binary_var_index >= proto_.variable_size()) {
      return false;
    }
    show_variable[binary_var_index] = true;
    line_breaker.Append(absl::StrFormat(
        "%s = %d -> ", exported_variable_names_[binary_var_index],
        binary_var_value));
    if (!AppendConstraint(indicator_ct.constraint(), name, line_breaker,
                          show_variable, output)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
 
  // Bounds
  absl::StrAppend(output, "Bounds\n");
  if (proto_.objective_offset() != 0.0) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, " 1 <= Constant <= 1\n");
  }
  for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
    if (!show_variable[var_index]) continue;
    const MPVariableProto& var_proto = proto_.variable(var_index);
    const double lb = var_proto.lower_bound();
    const double ub = var_proto.upper_bound();
    if (var_proto.is_integer() && lb == round(lb) && ub == round(ub)) {
      absl::StrAppendFormat(output, " %.0f <= %s <= %.0f\n", lb,
                            exported_variable_names_[var_index], ub);
    } else {
      absl::StrAppend(output, " ");
      if (lb == -kInfinity && ub == kInfinity) {
        absl::StrAppend(output, exported_variable_names_[var_index], " free");
      } else {
        if (lb != -kInfinity) {
          absl::StrAppend(output, DoubleToString(lb), " <= ");
        }
        absl::StrAppend(output, exported_variable_names_[var_index]);
        if (ub != kInfinity) {
          absl::StrAppend(output, " <= ", DoubleToString(ub));
        }
      }
      absl::StrAppend(output, "\n");
    }
  }
 
  // Binaries
  if (num_binary_variables_ > 0) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "Binaries\n");
    for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
      if (!show_variable[var_index]) continue;
      const MPVariableProto& var_proto = proto_.variable(var_index);
      if (IsBoolean(var_proto)) {
        absl::StrAppendFormat(output, " %s\n",
                              exported_variable_names_[var_index]);
      }
    }
  }
 
  // Generals
  if (num_integer_variables_ > 0) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "Generals\n");
    for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
      if (!show_variable[var_index]) continue;
      const MPVariableProto& var_proto = proto_.variable(var_index);
      if (var_proto.is_integer() && !IsBoolean(var_proto)) {
        absl::StrAppend(output, " ", exported_variable_names_[var_index], "\n");
      }
    }
  }
  absl::StrAppend(output, "End\n");
  return true;
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsPair(absl::string_view name, double value,
                                         std::string* output) const {
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, *mps_format_, name, DoubleToString(value));
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsLineHeader(absl::string_view id,
                                               absl::string_view name,
                                               std::string* output) const {
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, *mps_header_format_, id, name);
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine(
    absl::string_view id, absl::string_view name, std::string* output) const {
  AppendMpsLineHeader(id, name, output);
  absl::StripTrailingAsciiWhitespace(output);
  absl::StrAppend(output, "\n");
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsTermWithContext(absl::string_view head_name,
                                                    absl::string_view name,
                                                    double value,
                                                    std::string* output) {
  if (current_mps_column_ == 0) {
    AppendMpsLineHeader("", head_name, output);
  }
  AppendMpsPair(name, value, output);
  AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(output);
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsBound(absl::string_view bound_type,
                                          absl::string_view name, double value,
                                          std::string* output) const {
  AppendMpsLineHeader(bound_type, "BOUND", output);
  AppendMpsPair(name, value, output);
  absl::StripTrailingAsciiWhitespace(output);
  absl::StrAppend(output, "\n");
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(std::string* output) {
  ++current_mps_column_;
  if (current_mps_column_ == 2) {
    absl::StripTrailingAsciiWhitespace(output);
    absl::StrAppend(output, "\n");
    current_mps_column_ = 0;
  }
}
 
void MPModelProtoExporter::AppendMpsColumns(
    bool integrality,
    absl::Span<const std::vector<std::pair<int, double>>> transpose,
    std::string* output) {
  current_mps_column_ = 0;
  for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
    const MPVariableProto& var_proto = proto_.variable(var_index);
    if (var_proto.is_integer() != integrality) continue;
    const std::string& var_name = exported_variable_names_[var_index];
    current_mps_column_ = 0;
    if (var_proto.objective_coefficient() != 0.0) {
      AppendMpsTermWithContext(var_name, "COST",
                               var_proto.objective_coefficient(), output);
    }
    for (const std::pair<int, double>& cst_index_and_coeff :
         transpose[var_index]) {
      const std::string& cst_name =
          exported_constraint_names_[cst_index_and_coeff.first];
      AppendMpsTermWithContext(var_name, cst_name, cst_index_and_coeff.second,
                               output);
    }
    AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(output);
  }
}
 
bool MPModelProtoExporter::ExportModelAsMpsFormat(
    const MPModelExportOptions& options, std::string* output) {
  output->clear();
  Setup();
  ComputeMpsSmartColumnWidths(options.obfuscate);
  const std::string kForbiddenFirstChars = "";
  const std::string kForbiddenChars = " ";
  exported_constraint_names_ = ExtractAndProcessNames(
      proto_.constraint(), "C", options.obfuscate, options.log_invalid_names,
      kForbiddenFirstChars, kForbiddenChars);
  exported_variable_names_ = ExtractAndProcessNames(
      proto_.variable(), "V", options.obfuscate, options.log_invalid_names,
      kForbiddenFirstChars, kForbiddenChars);
 
  // Comments.
  AppendComments("*", output);
 
  // NAME section.
  // TODO(user): Obfuscate the model name too if `obfuscate` is true.
  absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "%-14s%s\n", "NAME", proto_.name());
 
  if (proto_.maximize()) {
    absl::StrAppendFormat(output, "OBJSENSE\n  MAX\n");
  }
 
  // ROWS section.
  current_mps_column_ = 0;
  std::string rows_section;
  AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine("N", "COST", &rows_section);
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.constraint_size(); ++cst_index) {
    const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto = proto_.constraint(cst_index);
    const double lb = ct_proto.lower_bound();
    const double ub = ct_proto.upper_bound();
    const std::string& cst_name = exported_constraint_names_[cst_index];
    if (lb == -kInfinity && ub == kInfinity) {
      AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine("N", cst_name, &rows_section);
    } else if (lb == ub) {
      AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine("E", cst_name, &rows_section);
    } else if (lb == -kInfinity) {
      AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine("L", cst_name, &rows_section);
    } else {
      AppendMpsLineHeaderWithNewLine("G", cst_name, &rows_section);
    }
  }
  if (!rows_section.empty()) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "ROWS\n", rows_section);
  }
 
  // As the information regarding a column needs to be contiguous, we create
  // a vector associating a variable index to a vector containing the indices
  // of the constraints where this variable appears.
  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<int, double>>> transpose(
      proto_.variable_size());
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.constraint_size(); ++cst_index) {
    const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto = proto_.constraint(cst_index);
    for (int k = 0; k < ct_proto.var_index_size(); ++k) {
      const int var_index = ct_proto.var_index(k);
      if (var_index < 0 || var_index >= proto_.variable_size()) {
        LOG(DFATAL) << "In constraint #" << cst_index << ", var_index #" << k
                    << " is " << var_index << ", which is out of bounds.";
        return false;
      }
      const double coeff = ct_proto.coefficient(k);
      if (coeff != 0.0) {
        transpose[var_index].push_back(
            std::pair<int, double>(cst_index, coeff));
      }
    }
  }
 
  // COLUMNS section.
  std::string columns_section;
  AppendMpsColumns(/*integrality=*/true, transpose, &columns_section);
  if (!columns_section.empty()) {
    constexpr const char kIntMarkerFormat[] = "  %-10s%-36s%-8s\n";
    columns_section =
        absl::StrFormat(kIntMarkerFormat, "INTSTART", "'MARKER'", "'INTORG'") +
        columns_section;
    absl::StrAppendFormat(&columns_section, kIntMarkerFormat, "INTEND",
                          "'MARKER'", "'INTEND'");
  }
  AppendMpsColumns(/*integrality=*/false, transpose, &columns_section);
  if (!columns_section.empty()) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "COLUMNS\n", columns_section);
  }
 
  // RHS (right-hand-side) section.
  current_mps_column_ = 0;
  std::string rhs_section;
  // Follow Gurobi's MPS format for objective offsets.
  // See https://www.gurobi.com/documentation/9.1/refman/mps_format.html
  if (proto_.objective_offset() != 0) {
    AppendMpsTermWithContext("RHS", "COST", -proto_.objective_offset(),
                             &rhs_section);
  }
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.constraint_size(); ++cst_index) {
    const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto = proto_.constraint(cst_index);
    const double lb = ct_proto.lower_bound();
    const double ub = ct_proto.upper_bound();
    const std::string& cst_name = exported_constraint_names_[cst_index];
    if (lb != -kInfinity) {
      AppendMpsTermWithContext("RHS", cst_name, lb, &rhs_section);
    } else if (ub != +kInfinity) {
      AppendMpsTermWithContext("RHS", cst_name, ub, &rhs_section);
    }
  }
  AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(&rhs_section);
  if (!rhs_section.empty()) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "RHS\n", rhs_section);
  }
 
  // RANGES section.
  current_mps_column_ = 0;
  std::string ranges_section;
  for (int cst_index = 0; cst_index < proto_.constraint_size(); ++cst_index) {
    const MPConstraintProto& ct_proto = proto_.constraint(cst_index);
    const double range = fabs(ct_proto.upper_bound() - ct_proto.lower_bound());
    if (range != 0.0 && range != +kInfinity) {
      const std::string& cst_name = exported_constraint_names_[cst_index];
      AppendMpsTermWithContext("RANGE", cst_name, range, &ranges_section);
    }
  }
  AppendNewLineIfTwoColumns(&ranges_section);
  if (!ranges_section.empty()) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "RANGES\n", ranges_section);
  }
 
  // BOUNDS section.
  current_mps_column_ = 0;
  std::string bounds_section;
  for (int var_index = 0; var_index < proto_.variable_size(); ++var_index) {
    const MPVariableProto& var_proto = proto_.variable(var_index);
    const double lb = var_proto.lower_bound();
    const double ub = var_proto.upper_bound();
    const std::string& var_name = exported_variable_names_[var_index];
 
    if (lb == -kInfinity && ub == +kInfinity) {
      AppendMpsLineHeader("FR", "BOUND", &bounds_section);
      absl::StrAppendFormat(&bounds_section, "  %s\n", var_name);
      continue;
    }
 
    if (var_proto.is_integer()) {
      if (IsBoolean(var_proto)) {
        AppendMpsLineHeader("BV", "BOUND", &bounds_section);
        absl::StrAppendFormat(&bounds_section, "  %s\n", var_name);
      } else {
        if (lb == ub) {
          AppendMpsBound("FX", var_name, lb, &bounds_section);
        } else {
          if (lb == -kInfinity) {
            AppendMpsLineHeader("MI", "BOUND", &bounds_section);
            absl::StrAppendFormat(&bounds_section, "  %s\n", var_name);
          } else if (lb != 0.0 || ub == kInfinity) {
            // "LI" can be skipped if it's 0.
            // There is one exception to that rule: if UI=+inf, we can't skip
            // LI=0 or the variable will be parsed as binary.
            AppendMpsBound("LI", var_name, lb, &bounds_section);
          }
          if (ub != kInfinity) {
            AppendMpsBound("UI", var_name, ub, &bounds_section);
          }
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (lb == ub) {
        AppendMpsBound("FX", var_name, lb, &bounds_section);
      } else {
        if (lb == -kInfinity) {
          AppendMpsLineHeader("MI", "BOUND", &bounds_section);
          absl::StrAppendFormat(&bounds_section, "  %s\n", var_name);
        } else if (lb != 0.0) {
          AppendMpsBound("LO", var_name, lb, &bounds_section);
        }
        if (lb == 0.0 && ub == +kInfinity) {
          AppendMpsLineHeader("PL", "BOUND", &bounds_section);
          absl::StrAppendFormat(&bounds_section, "  %s\n", var_name);
        } else if (ub != +kInfinity) {
          AppendMpsBound("UP", var_name, ub, &bounds_section);
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (!bounds_section.empty()) {
    absl::StrAppend(output, "BOUNDS\n", bounds_section);
  }
 
  absl::StrAppend(output, "ENDATA\n");
  return true;
}
 
}  // namespace
}  // namespace operations_research