cp_model.proto

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// Copyright 2010-2025 Google LLC
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
 
// Proto describing a general Constraint Programming (CP) problem.
 
syntax = "proto3";
 
package operations_research.sat;
 
option csharp_namespace = "Google.OrTools.Sat";
option go_package = "github.com/google/or-tools/ortools/sat/proto/cpmodel";
option java_package = "com.google.ortools.sat";
option java_multiple_files = true;
option java_outer_classname = "CpModelProtobuf";
 
// An integer variable.
//
// It will be referred to by an int32 corresponding to its index in a
// CpModelProto variables field.
//
// Depending on the context, a reference to a variable whose domain is in [0, 1]
// can also be seen as a Boolean that will be true if the variable value is 1
// and false if it is 0. When used in this context, the field name will always
// contain the word "literal".
//
// Negative reference (advanced usage): to simplify the creation of a model and
// for efficiency reasons, all the "literal" or "variable" fields can also
// contain a negative index. A negative index i will refer to the negation of
// the integer variable at index -i -1 or to NOT the literal at the same index.
//
// Ex: A variable index 4 will refer to the integer variable model.variables(4)
// and an index of -5 will refer to the negation of the same variable. A literal
// index 4 will refer to the logical fact that model.variable(4) == 1 and a
// literal index of -5 will refer to the logical fact model.variable(4) == 0.
message IntegerVariableProto {
  // For debug/logging only. Can be empty.
  string name = 1;
 
  // The variable domain given as a sorted list of n disjoint intervals
  // [min, max] and encoded as [min_0, max_0,  ..., min_{n-1}, max_{n-1}].
  //
  // The most common example being just [min, max].
  // If min == max, then this is a constant variable.
  //
  // We have:
  //  - domain_size() is always even.
  //  - min == domain.front();
  //  - max == domain.back();
  //  - for all i < n   :      min_i <= max_i
  //  - for all i < n-1 :  max_i + 1 < min_{i+1}.
  //
  // Note that we check at validation that a variable domain is small enough so
  // that we don't run into integer overflow in our algorithms. Because of that,
  // you cannot just have "unbounded" variable like [0, kint64max] and should
  // try to specify tighter domains.
  repeated int64 domain = 2;
}
 
// Argument of the constraints of the form OP(literals).
message BoolArgumentProto {
  repeated int32 literals = 1;
}
 
// Some constraints supports linear expression instead of just using a reference
// to a variable. This is especially useful during presolve to reduce the model
// size.
message LinearExpressionProto {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
  repeated int64 coeffs = 2;
  int64 offset = 3;
}
 
message LinearArgumentProto {
  LinearExpressionProto target = 1;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 2;
}
 
// All expressions must take different values.
message AllDifferentConstraintProto {
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 1;
}
 
// The linear sum vars[i] * coeffs[i] must fall in the given domain. The domain
// has the same format as the one in IntegerVariableProto.
//
// Note that the validation code currently checks using the domain of the
// involved variables that the sum can always be computed without integer
// overflow and throws an error otherwise.
message LinearConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
  repeated int64 coeffs = 2;  // Same size as vars.
  repeated int64 domain = 3;
}
 
// The constraint linear_target = exprs[linear_index].
// This enforces that index takes one of the value in [0, vars_size()).
message ElementConstraintProto {
  int32 index = 1;          // Legacy field.
  int32 target = 2;         // Legacy field.
  repeated int32 vars = 3;  // Legacy field.
  LinearExpressionProto linear_index = 4;
  LinearExpressionProto linear_target = 5;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 6;
}
 
// This is not really a constraint. It is there so it can be referred by other
// constraints using this "interval" concept.
//
// IMPORTANT: For now, this constraint do not enforce any relations on the
// components, and it is up to the client to add in the model:
// - enforcement => start + size == end.
// - enforcement => size >= 0  // Only needed if size is not already >= 0.
message IntervalConstraintProto {
  LinearExpressionProto start = 4;
  LinearExpressionProto end = 5;
  LinearExpressionProto size = 6;
}
 
// All the intervals (index of IntervalConstraintProto) must be disjoint. More
// formally, there must exist a sequence so that for each consecutive intervals,
// we have end_i <= start_{i+1}. In particular, intervals of size zero do matter
// for this constraint. This is also known as a disjunctive constraint in
// scheduling.
message NoOverlapConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 intervals = 1;
}
 
// The boxes defined by [start_x, end_x) * [start_y, end_y) cannot overlap.
// Furthermore, one box is optional if at least one of the x or y interval is
// optional.
//
// Note that the case of boxes of size zero is special. The following cases
// violate the constraint:
//   - a point box inside a box with a non zero area
//   - a line box overlapping a box with a non zero area
//   - one vertical line box crossing an horizontal line box.
message NoOverlap2DConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 x_intervals = 1;
  repeated int32 y_intervals = 2;  // Same size as x_intervals.
}
 
// The sum of the demands of the intervals at each interval point cannot exceed
// a capacity. Note that intervals are interpreted as [start, end) and as
// such intervals like [2,3) and [3,4) do not overlap for the point of view of
// this constraint. Moreover, intervals of size zero are ignored.
//
// All demands must not contain any negative value in their domains. This is
// checked at validation. Even if there are no intervals, this constraint
// implicit enforces capacity >= 0. In other words, a negative capacity is
// considered valid but always infeasible.
message CumulativeConstraintProto {
  LinearExpressionProto capacity = 1;
  repeated int32 intervals = 2;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto demands = 3;  // Same size as intervals.
}
 
// Maintain a reservoir level within bounds. The water level starts at 0, and at
// any time, it must be within [min_level, max_level].
//
// If the variable active_literals[i] is true, and if the expression
// time_exprs[i] is assigned a value t, then the current level changes by
// level_changes[i] at the time t. Therefore, at any time t:
//
// sum(level_changes[i] * active_literals[i] if time_exprs[i] <= t)
//   in [min_level, max_level]
//
// Note that min level must be <= 0, and the max level must be >= 0. Please use
// fixed level_changes to simulate initial state.
//
// The array of boolean variables 'actives', if defined, indicates which actions
// are actually performed. If this array is not defined, then it is assumed that
// all actions will be performed.
message ReservoirConstraintProto {
  int64 min_level = 1;
  int64 max_level = 2;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto time_exprs = 3;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto level_changes = 6;
  repeated int32 active_literals = 5;
  reserved 4;
}
 
// The circuit constraint is defined on a graph where the arc presence are
// controlled by literals. Each arc is given by an index in the
// tails/heads/literals lists that must have the same size.
//
// For now, we ignore node indices with no incident arc. All the other nodes
// must have exactly one incoming and one outgoing selected arc (i.e. literal at
// true). All the selected arcs that are not self-loops must form a single
// circuit. Note that multi-arcs are allowed, but only one of them will be true
// at the same time. Multi-self loop are disallowed though.
message CircuitConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 tails = 3;
  repeated int32 heads = 4;
  repeated int32 literals = 5;
}
 
// The "VRP" (Vehicle Routing Problem) constraint.
//
// The direct graph where arc #i (from tails[i] to head[i]) is present iff
// literals[i] is true must satisfy this set of properties:
// - #incoming arcs == 1 except for node 0.
// - #outgoing arcs == 1 except for node 0.
// - for node zero, #incoming arcs == #outgoing arcs.
// - There are no duplicate arcs.
// - Self-arcs are allowed except for node 0.
// - There is no cycle in this graph, except through node 0.
//
// Note: Currently this constraint expects all the nodes in [0, num_nodes) to
// have at least one incident arc. The model will be considered invalid if it
// is not the case. You can add self-arc fixed to one to ignore some nodes if
// needed.
//
// TODO(user): It is probably possible to generalize this constraint to a
// no-cycle in a general graph, or a no-cycle with sum incoming <= 1 and sum
// outgoing <= 1 (more efficient implementation). On the other hand, having this
// specific constraint allow us to add specific "cuts" to a VRP problem.
message RoutesConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 tails = 1;
  repeated int32 heads = 2;
  repeated int32 literals = 3;
 
  // DEPRECATED. These fields are no longer used. The solver ignores them.
  repeated int32 demands = 4;
  int64 capacity = 5;
 
  // A set of linear expressions associated with the nodes.
  message NodeExpressions {
    // The i-th element is the linear expression associated with the i-th node.
    repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 1;
  }
 
  // Expressions associated with the nodes of the graph, such as the load of the
  // vehicle arriving at a node, or the time at which a vehicle arrives at a
  // node. Expressions with the same "dimension" (such as "load" or "time") must
  // be listed together.
  // This field is optional. If it is set, the linear constraints of size 1 or 2
  // between the variables in these expressions will be used to derive cuts for
  // this constraint. If it is not set, the solver will try to automatically
  // derive it, from the linear constraints of size 1 or 2 in the model (this
  // can fail in complex cases).
  repeated NodeExpressions dimensions = 6;
}
 
// The values of the n-tuple formed by the given expression can only be one of
// the listed n-tuples in values. The n-tuples are encoded in a flattened way:
//     [tuple0_v0, tuple0_v1, ..., tuple0_v{n-1}, tuple1_v0, ...].
// Corner cases:
//  - If all `vars`, `values` and `exprs` are empty, the constraint is trivially
//    true, irrespective of the value of `negated`.
//  - If `values` is empty but either vars or exprs is not, the constraint is
//    trivially false if `negated` is false, and trivially true if `negated` is
//    true.
//  - If `vars` and `exprs` are empty but `values` is not, the model is invalid.
message TableConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;  // Legacy field.
  repeated int64 values = 2;
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 4;
 
  // If true, the meaning is "negated", that is we forbid any of the given
  // tuple from a feasible assignment.
  bool negated = 3;
}
 
// The two arrays of variable each represent a function, the second is the
// inverse of the first: f_direct[i] == j <=> f_inverse[j] == i.
message InverseConstraintProto {
  repeated int32 f_direct = 1;
  repeated int32 f_inverse = 2;
}
 
// This constraint forces a sequence of expressions to be accepted by an
// automaton.
message AutomatonConstraintProto {
  // A state is identified by a non-negative number. It is preferable to keep
  // all the states dense in says [0, num_states). The automaton starts at
  // starting_state and must finish in any of the final states.
  int64 starting_state = 2;
  repeated int64 final_states = 3;
 
  // List of transitions (all 3 vectors have the same size). Both tail and head
  // are states, label is any variable value. No two outgoing transitions from
  // the same state can have the same label.
  repeated int64 transition_tail = 4;
  repeated int64 transition_head = 5;
  repeated int64 transition_label = 6;
 
  // Legacy field.
  repeated int32 vars = 7;
  // The sequence of expressions. The automaton is ran for exprs_size() "steps"
  // and the value of exprs[i] corresponds to the transition label at step i.
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 8;
}
 
// A list of variables, without any semantics.
message ListOfVariablesProto {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
}
 
// Next id: 31
message ConstraintProto {
  // For debug/logging only. Can be empty.
  string name = 1;
 
  // The constraint will be enforced iff all literals listed here are true. If
  // this is empty, then the constraint will always be enforced. An enforced
  // constraint must be satisfied, and an un-enforced one will simply be
  // ignored.
  //
  // This is also called half-reification. To have an equivalence between a
  // literal and a constraint (full reification), one must add both a constraint
  // (controlled by a literal l) and its negation (controlled by the negation of
  // l).
  //
  // Important: as of September 2025, some constraints might be less efficient
  // with enforcement than without: circuit, routes, no_overlap, no_overlap_2d,
  // and cumulative. If performance is not great, consider using a model without
  // these constraints enforced.
  repeated int32 enforcement_literal = 2;
 
  // The actual constraint with its arguments.
  oneof constraint {
    // The bool_or constraint forces at least one literal to be true.
    BoolArgumentProto bool_or = 3;
 
    // The bool_and constraint forces all of the literals to be true.
    //
    // This is a "redundant" constraint in the sense that this can easily be
    // encoded with many bool_or or at_most_one. It is just more space efficient
    // and handled slightly differently internally.
    BoolArgumentProto bool_and = 4;
 
    // The at_most_one constraint enforces that no more than one literal is
    // true at the same time.
    //
    // Note that an at most one constraint of length n could be encoded with n
    // bool_and constraint with n-1 term on the right hand side. So in a sense,
    // this constraint contribute directly to the "implication-graph" or the
    // 2-SAT part of the model.
    BoolArgumentProto at_most_one = 26;
 
    // The exactly_one constraint force exactly one literal to true and no more.
    //
    // Anytime a bool_or (it could have been called at_least_one) is included
    // into an at_most_one, then the bool_or is actually an exactly one
    // constraint, and the extra literal in the at_most_one can be set to false.
    // So in this sense, this constraint is not really needed. it is just here
    // for a better description of the problem structure and to facilitate some
    // algorithm.
    BoolArgumentProto exactly_one = 29;
 
    // The bool_xor constraint forces an odd number of the literals to be true.
    BoolArgumentProto bool_xor = 5;
 
    // The int_div constraint forces the target to equal exprs[0] / exprs[1].
    // The division is "rounded" towards zero, so we can have for instance
    // (2 = 12 / 5) or (-3 = -10 / 3). If you only want exact integer division,
    // then you should use instead of t = a / b, the int_prod constraint
    // a = b * t.
    //
    // If 0 belongs to the domain of exprs[1], then the model is deemed invalid.
    LinearArgumentProto int_div = 7;
 
    // The int_mod constraint forces the target to equal exprs[0] % exprs[1].
    // The domain of exprs[1] must be strictly positive. The sign of the target
    // is the same as the sign of exprs[0].
    LinearArgumentProto int_mod = 8;
 
    // The int_prod constraint forces the target to equal the product of all
    // variables. By convention, because we can just remove term equal to one,
    // the empty product forces the target to be one.
    //
    // Note that the solver checks for potential integer overflow. So the
    // product of the maximum absolute value of all the terms (using the initial
    // domain) should fit on an int64. Otherwise the model will be declared
    // invalid.
    LinearArgumentProto int_prod = 11;
 
    // The lin_max constraint forces the target to equal the maximum of all
    // linear expressions.
    // Note that this can model a minimum simply by negating all expressions.
    LinearArgumentProto lin_max = 27;
 
    // The linear constraint enforces a linear inequality among the variables,
    // such as 0 <= x + 2y <= 10.
    LinearConstraintProto linear = 12;
 
    // The all_diff constraint forces all variables to take different values.
    AllDifferentConstraintProto all_diff = 13;
 
    // The element constraint forces the variable with the given index
    // to be equal to the target.
    ElementConstraintProto element = 14;
 
    // The circuit constraint takes a graph and forces the arcs present
    // (with arc presence indicated by a literal) to form a unique cycle.
    CircuitConstraintProto circuit = 15;
 
    // The routes constraint implements the vehicle routing problem.
    RoutesConstraintProto routes = 23;
 
    // The table constraint enforces what values a tuple of variables may
    // take.
    TableConstraintProto table = 16;
 
    // The automaton constraint forces a sequence of variables to be accepted
    // by an automaton.
    AutomatonConstraintProto automaton = 17;
 
    // The inverse constraint forces two arrays to be inverses of each other:
    // the values of one are the indices of the other, and vice versa.
    InverseConstraintProto inverse = 18;
 
    // The reservoir constraint forces the sum of a set of active demands
    // to always be between a specified minimum and maximum value during
    // specific times.
    ReservoirConstraintProto reservoir = 24;
 
    // Constraints on intervals.
    //
    // The first constraint defines what an "interval" is and the other
    // constraints use references to it. All the intervals that have an
    // enforcement_literal set to false are ignored by these constraints.
    //
    // TODO(user): Explain what happen for intervals of size zero. Some
    // constraints ignore them; others do take them into account.
 
    // The interval constraint takes a start, end, and size, and forces
    // start + size == end.
    IntervalConstraintProto interval = 19;
 
    // The no_overlap constraint prevents a set of intervals from
    // overlapping; in scheduling, this is called a disjunctive
    // constraint.
    NoOverlapConstraintProto no_overlap = 20;
 
    // The no_overlap_2d constraint prevents a set of boxes from overlapping.
    NoOverlap2DConstraintProto no_overlap_2d = 21;
 
    // The cumulative constraint ensures that for any integer point, the sum
    // of the demands of the intervals containing that point does not exceed
    // the capacity.
    CumulativeConstraintProto cumulative = 22;
 
    // This constraint is not meant to be used and will be rejected by the
    // solver. It is meant to mark variable when testing the presolve code.
    ListOfVariablesProto dummy_constraint = 30;
  }
}
 
// Optimization objective.
message CpObjectiveProto {
  // The linear terms of the objective to minimize.
  // For a maximization problem, one can negate all coefficients in the
  // objective and set scaling_factor to -1.
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
  repeated int64 coeffs = 4;
 
  // The displayed objective is always:
  //   scaling_factor * (sum(coefficients[i] * objective_vars[i]) + offset).
  // This is needed to have a consistent objective after presolve or when
  // scaling a double problem to express it with integers.
  //
  // Note that if scaling_factor is zero, then it is assumed to be 1, so that by
  // default these fields have no effect.
  double offset = 2;
  double scaling_factor = 3;
 
  // If non-empty, only look for an objective value in the given domain.
  // Note that this does not depend on the offset or scaling factor, it is a
  // domain on the sum of the objective terms only.
  repeated int64 domain = 5;
 
  // Internal field. Do not set. When we scale a FloatObjectiveProto to a
  // integer version, we set this to true if the scaling was exact (i.e. all
  // original coeff were integer for instance).
  //
  // TODO(user): Put the error bounds we computed instead?
  bool scaling_was_exact = 6;
 
  // Internal fields to recover a bound on the original integer objective from
  // the presolved one. Basically, initially the integer objective fit on an
  // int64 and is in [Initial_lb, Initial_ub]. During presolve, we might change
  // the linear expression to have a new domain [Presolved_lb, Presolved_ub]
  // that will also always fit on an int64.
  //
  // The two domain will always be linked with an affine transformation between
  // the two of the form:
  //   old = (new + before_offset) * integer_scaling_factor + after_offset.
  // Note that we use both offsets to always be able to do the computation while
  // staying in the int64 domain. In particular, the after_offset will always
  // be in (-integer_scaling_factor, integer_scaling_factor).
  int64 integer_before_offset = 7;
  int64 integer_after_offset = 9;
  int64 integer_scaling_factor = 8;
}
 
// A linear floating point objective: sum coeffs[i] * vars[i] + offset.
// Note that the variable can only still take integer value.
message FloatObjectiveProto {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
  repeated double coeffs = 2;
  double offset = 3;
 
  // The optimization direction. The default is to minimize
  bool maximize = 4;
}
 
// Define the strategy to follow when the solver needs to take a new decision.
// Note that this strategy is only defined on a subset of variables.
message DecisionStrategyProto {
  // The variables to be considered for the next decision. The order matter and
  // is always used as a tie-breaker after the variable selection strategy
  // criteria defined below.
  repeated int32 variables = 1;
 
  // If this is set, then the variables field must be empty.
  // We currently only support affine expression.
  //
  // Note that this is needed so that if a variable has an affine
  // representative, we can properly transform a DecisionStrategyProto through
  // presolve.
  repeated LinearExpressionProto exprs = 5;
 
  // The order in which the variables (resp. affine expression) above should be
  // considered. Note that only variables that are not already fixed are
  // considered.
  //
  // TODO(user): extend as needed.
  enum VariableSelectionStrategy {
    CHOOSE_FIRST = 0;
    CHOOSE_LOWEST_MIN = 1;
    CHOOSE_HIGHEST_MAX = 2;
    CHOOSE_MIN_DOMAIN_SIZE = 3;
    CHOOSE_MAX_DOMAIN_SIZE = 4;
  }
  VariableSelectionStrategy variable_selection_strategy = 2;
 
  // Once a variable (resp. affine expression) has been chosen, this enum
  // describe what decision is taken on its domain.
  //
  // TODO(user): extend as needed.
  enum DomainReductionStrategy {
    SELECT_MIN_VALUE = 0;
    SELECT_MAX_VALUE = 1;
    SELECT_LOWER_HALF = 2;
    SELECT_UPPER_HALF = 3;
    SELECT_MEDIAN_VALUE = 4;
    SELECT_RANDOM_HALF = 5;
  }
  DomainReductionStrategy domain_reduction_strategy = 3;
}
 
// This message encodes a partial (or full) assignment of the variables of a
// CpModelProto. The variable indices should be unique and valid variable
// indices.
message PartialVariableAssignment {
  repeated int32 vars = 1;
  repeated int64 values = 2;
}
 
// A permutation of integers encoded as a list of cycles, hence the "sparse"
// format. The image of an element cycle[i] is cycle[(i + 1) % cycle_length].
message SparsePermutationProto {
  // Each cycle is listed one after the other in the support field.
  // The size of each cycle is given (in order) in the cycle_sizes field.
  repeated int32 support = 1;
  repeated int32 cycle_sizes = 2;
}
 
// A dense matrix of numbers encoded in a flat way, row by row.
// That is matrix[i][j] = entries[i * num_cols + j];
message DenseMatrixProto {
  int32 num_rows = 1;
  int32 num_cols = 2;
  repeated int32 entries = 3;
}
 
// EXPERIMENTAL. For now, this is meant to be used by the solver and not filled
// by clients.
//
// Hold symmetry information about the set of feasible solutions. If we permute
// the variable values of any feasible solution using one of the permutation
// described here, we should always get another feasible solution.
//
// We usually also enforce that the objective of the new solution is the same.
//
// The group of permutations encoded here is usually computed from the encoding
// of the model, so it is not meant to be a complete representation of the
// feasible solution symmetries, just a valid subgroup.
message SymmetryProto {
  // A list of variable indices permutations that leave the feasible space of
  // solution invariant. Usually, we only encode a set of generators of the
  // group.
  repeated SparsePermutationProto permutations = 1;
 
  // An orbitope is a special symmetry structure of the solution space. If the
  // variable indices are arranged in a matrix (with no duplicates), then any
  // permutation of the columns will be a valid permutation of the feasible
  // space.
  //
  // This arise quite often. The typical example is a graph coloring problem
  // where for each node i, you have j booleans to indicate its color. If the
  // variables color_of_i_is_j are arranged in a matrix[i][j], then any columns
  // permutations leave the problem invariant.
  repeated DenseMatrixProto orbitopes = 2;
}
 
// A constraint programming problem.
message CpModelProto {
  // For debug/logging only. Can be empty.
  string name = 1;
 
  // The associated Protos should be referred by their index in these fields.
  repeated IntegerVariableProto variables = 2;
  repeated ConstraintProto constraints = 3;
 
  // The objective to minimize. Can be empty for pure decision problems.
  CpObjectiveProto objective = 4;
 
  // Advanced usage.
  // It is invalid to have both an objective and a floating point objective.
  //
  // The objective of the model, in floating point format. The solver will
  // automatically scale this to integer during expansion and thus convert it to
  // a normal CpObjectiveProto. See the mip* parameters to control how this is
  // scaled. In most situation the precision will be good enough, but you can
  // see the logs to see what are the precision guaranteed when this is
  // converted to a fixed point representation.
  //
  // Note that even if the precision is bad, the returned objective_value and
  // best_objective_bound will be computed correctly. So at the end of the solve
  // you can check the gap if you only want precise optimal.
  FloatObjectiveProto floating_point_objective = 9;
 
  // Defines the strategy that the solver should follow when the
  // search_branching parameter is set to FIXED_SEARCH. Note that this strategy
  // is also used as a heuristic when we are not in fixed search.
  //
  // Advanced Usage: if not all variables appears and the parameter
  // "instantiate_all_variables" is set to false, then the solver will not try
  // to instantiate the variables that do not appear. Thus, at the end of the
  // search, not all variables may be fixed. Currently, we will set them to
  // their lower bound in the solution.
  repeated DecisionStrategyProto search_strategy = 5;
 
  // Solution hint.
  //
  // If a feasible or almost-feasible solution to the problem is already known,
  // it may be helpful to pass it to the solver so that it can be used. The
  // solver will try to use this information to create its initial feasible
  // solution.
  //
  // Note that it may not always be faster to give a hint like this to the
  // solver. There is also no guarantee that the solver will use this hint or
  // try to return a solution "close" to this assignment in case of multiple
  // optimal solutions.
  PartialVariableAssignment solution_hint = 6;
 
  // A list of literals. The model will be solved assuming all these literals
  // are true. Compared to just fixing the domain of these literals, using this
  // mechanism is slower but allows in case the model is INFEASIBLE to get a
  // potentially small subset of them that can be used to explain the
  // infeasibility.
  //
  // Think (IIS), except when you are only concerned by the provided
  // assumptions. This is powerful as it allows to group a set of logically
  // related constraint under only one enforcement literal which can potentially
  // give you a good and interpretable explanation for infeasiblity.
  //
  // Such infeasibility explanation will be available in the
  // sufficient_assumptions_for_infeasibility response field.
  repeated int32 assumptions = 7;
 
  // For now, this is not meant to be filled by a client writing a model, but
  // by our preprocessing step.
  //
  // Information about the symmetries of the feasible solution space.
  // These usually leaves the objective invariant.
  SymmetryProto symmetry = 8;
}
 
// The status returned by a solver trying to solve a CpModelProto.
enum CpSolverStatus {
  // The status of the model is still unknown. A search limit has been reached
  // before any of the statuses below could be determined.
  UNKNOWN = 0;
 
  // The given CpModelProto didn't pass the validation step. You can get a
  // detailed error by calling ValidateCpModel(model_proto).
  MODEL_INVALID = 1;
 
  // A feasible solution has been found. But the search was stopped before we
  // could prove optimality or before we enumerated all solutions of a
  // feasibility problem (if asked).
  FEASIBLE = 2;
 
  // The problem has been proven infeasible.
  INFEASIBLE = 3;
 
  // An optimal feasible solution has been found.
  //
  // More generally, this status represent a success. So we also return OPTIMAL
  // if we find a solution for a pure feasibility problem or if a gap limit has
  // been specified and we return a solution within this limit. In the case
  // where we need to return all the feasible solution, this status will only be
  // returned if we enumerated all of them; If we stopped before, we will return
  // FEASIBLE.
  OPTIMAL = 4;
}
 
// Just a message used to store dense solution.
// This is used by the additional_solutions field.
message CpSolverSolution {
  repeated int64 values = 1;
}
 
// The response returned by a solver trying to solve a CpModelProto.
//
// Next id: 32
message CpSolverResponse {
  // The status of the solve.
  CpSolverStatus status = 1;
 
  // A feasible solution to the given problem. Depending on the returned status
  // it may be optimal or just feasible. This is in one-to-one correspondence
  // with a CpModelProto::variables repeated field and list the values of all
  // the variables.
  repeated int64 solution = 2;
 
  // Only make sense for an optimization problem. The objective value of the
  // returned solution if it is non-empty. If there is no solution, then for a
  // minimization problem, this will be an upper-bound of the objective of any
  // feasible solution, and a lower-bound for a maximization problem.
  double objective_value = 3;
 
  // Only make sense for an optimization problem. A proven lower-bound on the
  // objective for a minimization problem, or a proven upper-bound for a
  // maximization problem.
  double best_objective_bound = 4;
 
  // If the parameter fill_additional_solutions_in_response is set, then we
  // copy all the solutions from our internal solution pool here.
  //
  // Note that the one returned in the solution field will likely appear here
  // too. Do not rely on the solutions order as it depends on our internal
  // representation (after postsolve).
  repeated CpSolverSolution additional_solutions = 27;
 
  // Advanced usage.
  //
  // If the option fill_tightened_domains_in_response is set, then this field
  // will be a copy of the CpModelProto.variables where each domain has been
  // reduced using the information the solver was able to derive. Note that this
  // is only filled with the info derived during a normal search and we do not
  // have any dedicated algorithm to improve it.
  //
  // Warning: if you didn't set keep_all_feasible_solutions_in_presolve, then
  // these domains might exclude valid feasible solution. Otherwise for a
  // feasibility problem, all feasible solution should be there.
  //
  // Warning: For an optimization problem, these will correspond to valid bounds
  // for the problem of finding an improving solution to the best one found so
  // far. It might be better to solve a feasibility version if one just want to
  // explore the feasible region.
  repeated IntegerVariableProto tightened_variables = 21;
 
  // A subset of the model "assumptions" field. This will only be filled if the
  // status is INFEASIBLE. This subset of assumption will be enough to still get
  // an infeasible problem.
  //
  // This is related to what is called the irreducible inconsistent subsystem or
  // IIS. Except one is only concerned by the provided assumptions. There is
  // also no guarantee that we return an irreducible (aka minimal subset).
  // However, this is based on SAT explanation and there is a good chance it is
  // not too large.
  //
  // If you really want a minimal subset, a possible way to get one is by
  // changing your model to minimize the number of assumptions at false, but
  // this is likely an harder problem to solve.
  //
  // Important: Currently, this is minimized only in single-thread and if the
  // problem is not an optimization problem, otherwise, it will always include
  // all the assumptions.
  //
  // TODO(user): Allows for returning multiple core at once.
  repeated int32 sufficient_assumptions_for_infeasibility = 23;
 
  // Contains the integer objective optimized internally. This is only filled if
  // the problem had a floating point objective, and on the final response, not
  // the ones given to callbacks.
  CpObjectiveProto integer_objective = 28;
 
  // Advanced usage.
  //
  // A lower bound on the integer expression of the objective. This is either a
  // bound on the expression in the returned integer_objective or on the integer
  // expression of the original objective if the problem already has an integer
  // objective.
  //
  // TODO(user): This should be renamed integer_objective_lower_bound.
  int64 inner_objective_lower_bound = 29;
 
  // Some statistics about the solve.
  //
  // Important: in multithread, this correspond the statistics of the first
  // subsolver. Which is usually the one with the user defined parameters. Or
  // the default-search if none are specified.
  int64 num_integers = 30;
  int64 num_booleans = 10;
  int64 num_fixed_booleans = 31;
  int64 num_conflicts = 11;
  int64 num_branches = 12;
  int64 num_binary_propagations = 13;
  int64 num_integer_propagations = 14;
  int64 num_restarts = 24;
  int64 num_lp_iterations = 25;
 
  // The time counted from the beginning of the Solve() call.
  double wall_time = 15;
  double user_time = 16;
  double deterministic_time = 17;
 
  // The integral of log(1 + absolute_objective_gap) over time.
  double gap_integral = 22;
 
  // Additional information about how the solution was found. It also stores
  // model or parameters errors that caused the model to be invalid.
  string solution_info = 20;
 
  // The solve log will be filled if the parameter log_to_response is set to
  // true.
  string solve_log = 26;
}